social determinants Flashcards
established national immigration quotas by origin
immigration act of 1924
abolished immigration quotas
Hart-Cellar Act
foreign nativity giving an advantage in morbidity and mortality
immigrant paradox
what is the selection reduce effect in the immigrant paradox?
immigrants migrate or don’t based off of how healthy or not they are
is the protective effect of the immigrant paradox observed across generations?
protective effect is not sustained over time - both within and across the generation
what are some possible explanations of apparent deterioration of health for immigrants with time in the US?
selective return migration, changing expectations, increasing access to health care and diagnoses, acculturation
the adoption of host country or dominant cultural norms, attitudes, and lifestyles
acculturation
What are the different models of acculturation?
short acculturation scale for hispanics (marin and marin)
what are some key critiques of the application of the concept of acculturation?
rarely define, implicitly assumes linear processes of change with monolithic cultural entities, neglects structural favor, lacks a life course perspective, and usually approximated
a theoretical framework that focuses on social and economic context and subgroup heterogeneity, with variable trajectories, with attention to social context, radicalization, SES, life course issues
segmented assimilation
imposition of racial categories and corresponding social meanings - perceived discrimination increases with tie in the US, reactive identity
radicalization
dark skinned individuals experience more interpersonal discrimination, and are therefore more stressed and have worse outcomes
colorism
what are some special considerations that should be taken into account when looking at the axes of SES measures for immigrants
individual vs area; absolute vs relative; objective vs subjective
what is subjective social status?
how one’s social status changes after immigrating - often a 3-step decline in status
what is a socially assigned race?
the race that other people think you are - affects how you are perceived by others
what is it mean to take a life course approach to immigrant health?
have to also take into consideration historical context and the persons’ age at time of immigration
What is an example of a sensitive period that may be particularly germane for immigrants?
language acquisition and identity formation
a biological construct premised upon biological characteristics enabling sexual reproduction
sex
social constructs regarding culture-bound conventions, roles, and behaviors for, as well as between and among
gender
gender and biological expressions of gender vary across…
a continuum
what are some problems associated the dominant approaches to gender and sex in public health?
variation of sexual development, reductionism, excluding certain groups from studies
what is the gender health paradox?
gender social inequalities do not equal gender health inequalities - unlike other major axes of social stratification, male privilege does not translate into unambiguous health benefits for men
which gender has the longer life expectancy?
women
what are some characteristics that could skew to the gender paradox?
contexts characterized by low resources and highly patriarchal regimes, with skewed sex rations and missing women, and with gender based violence and eating disorders
what does it mean to move beyond binary constructions of sex and gender?
to view gender as a spectrum, and realize that there are also intersex individuals, or gender non-conforming people
How can we explain the apparent gender health paradox?
material, behavioral, and psychosocial/stress
what are some ways in which material resources could explain the gender paradox?
cohabitation and common interests in health mean that there is a lot of overlap in material resources
what are the two sides of ambivalent sexism?
hostile and benevolent -
generalized ideological motive to justify the existed social order, often resulting in internalization of inferiority by members of disadvantaged groups
hegemony
What is durkeim’s theory of stigma?
anomie - the intense feeling of not fitting into broader social order and norms
What is goffman’s theory of stigma?
it stems from an attribute that is deeply disturbing - a clash between virtual social identity and actual social identity, focused on relationship between normals and the exercise of social control
What is the theory of stigma from link and phelan?
stigma is a process whereby a label sets the labeled person apart from others, links the person to undesirable characteristics, and leads to rejection and discrimination
what is the minority stress model
additive (unique and different from general stressors), chronic (larger influences feeding into it that are persistent), socially based (rooted in larger society and institutions, parallel to institutional racism)
What are some examples of distal events in minority stress model?
objective stressful events, external
What are some examples of some proximal events of the minority stress model?
stress produced from within, internal
what are some individual level factors that affect sexual minorities?
rejection sensitivity that is stigma-based, concealment,
What are some interpersonal factors that affect sexual minorities?
abuse, rejection, discrimination
What are some structural factors that affect sexual minorities?
state policies, institutional practices
what are some of the major methologial challenges of sexuality studies?
selection or response bias, small samples and underpowered studies, precise mechanisms, fluidity of sexuality is not always captured
What are some of the major finding of structural stigma research by hatzenbeuhler?
states with at least one protective policy are associated with lower suicide rates
how do social scientists characterize and define someone’s sexuality?
sexual behavior, sexual attraction, and self-identification
a concerted attempt by a group of people, beyond an individual, to agitate, advocate, or push collectively for longer term social change
social movement
how much money, networks, institutional capacity a social movement has
resource mobilization
timing of a social movement
political opportunity
wording phrases, images, rhetoric, narrative, and stories of social movements
framing and culture
what are the 3 common research traditions in social movements
resource mobilization, political opportunity, framing and culture
what is the difference between frame viability and frame validity?
some framing terms are better at catching on, even if not accurate or misleading
what are some challenges social movements must consider?
conciliation confrontation or compromise problem; inside vs outside problem; fence sitter problem; coalition; producing real results;
the theoretical framework that posits that multiple social categories intersect and the micro level of individual experience to reflect interlocking systems of privilege and opression
intersectionality
why is intersectionality harder to study?
approach problematizes social categories as a binary, but must operationally rely on cross clarification of such categories
adverse health outcomes that can arise from the intersection of high and low status - higher status along one axis does not necessarily confer and increased risk
intersectionality paradox
monetary transfers, conditional on compliance with requirements related to human capital, fertility, and health care
conditional cash transfer programs
incorporating attention to health into social and economic policies - holding institutions, actors, and policies outside of the health sector accountable for the impacts of actions on health outcomes
health in all policies
a combination of procedures, methods, and tools by which a policy, program, or project may be judges as to its potential effectst on the health of the population and the distribution of those effects
who health impact assessment
