Biological Determinants of Health - Session 1 Flashcards
the process where oogonia divide to produce primary oocytes
oogenesis
primary oocytes begin at the first step of meiosis I, but then stop at the ___ stage, and remain this way until a female reaches sexual maturity
diplotene
When do the oocytes ares?
before birth - by week 20 of fetal development around 4 million eggs have developed, though only 1 million remain at birth
During each month’s menstrual cycle, one primary oocyte grows to be much larger than the others (due to richest blood supply, more estrogen production, and more hormone receptors), and it completes meiosis I to form…
a secondary oocyte and a polar body that dies odd
What happens to the secondary oocyte if fertilization occurs?
it completes meiosis II, producing a nonfunctioning pillar body byproduct
Lutenizing hormone is produced in the ___
pituitary gland
What is the role of Lutenizing hormones LH in females?
acts on hormone producing thea cells to secrete testosterone, which is covered to estrogen by granulose cells
What happens when there tis an LH surge in a female’s cycle?
induces ovulation and the formation of the corpus lutetium, which prepares the uterus for possible implantation
What happens if there is no fertilization of an egg?
estrogen and progesterone send feedback to the pituitary and hypothalamus to suppress GnRH, FSH, and LH
each month in an ovulating female, one follicle matures to become the____, which is released, and travels down the fallopian tube
Graafian
What happens to the granulosa cell that formed the follicle that contained the released egg?
forms the corpus liter, which grows inside the ovary to produce estrogen and progesterone
What happens to the corpus luteum if there is fertilization?
the CL regresses
What happens to the corpus luteum if there if fertilization?
the CL continues to grow, providing progesterone and estrogen to support pregnancy
the phase in the menstrual cycle where hormones stimulate follicular growth and estrogen secretion
follicular phase
the phase where the ruptured follicle becomes the corpus luteum
luteal phase
hormone that stimulates follicular growth and estrogen secretion
FSH
what happens when estrogen creates a positive feedback response?
prompts LH surge
What does the progesterone of the corpus luteum stimulate?
thickening of the endometrium
the product of the fused sperm and egg cells that begins traveling to the uterus
zygote
a 16 cell cluster that contains the inner mass that will become the embryo, and the outer call mass that will become the placenta
morula
where does the placenta originate from
fetal cells
the period ranging from zygote to blastocyst, before week 3
pre-embryonic
between the 3rd and 9th weeks of development, period where the ectoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm develop
embryonic stage
The period of development after week 8
fetal period
Wh is the critical window for neural tube defects?
embryonic and early fetal
What is the critical window for heart defects?
early embryonic
What is the crital window for upper and lower limb development?
early embryonic
what is the critical window for cleft lip defects?
middle embryonic
what is the critical window for ear and eye defects?
middle to late embryonic
What is the critical window for teeth defects?
late embryonic
What is the critical window for cleft palate defects?
late embryonic
When in development does masculinization of female genitalia occur?
late embryonic to early fetal
when in development is a baby most vulnerable to thalami?
embryonic phase
What is the “all or none” phenomenon in human development?
in the pre embryonic stage, either the pre-embryo recovers completely from a teratogen of there is a spontaneous abortion of the pre embryo
A drug that had been given to women to prevent morning sickness, but ended up being a teratogen that affected upper and lowre limb development
thaliomide
When is the baby most vulnerable to teratogens that would cause mental retardation?
late embryonic to mid-fetal
When is the baby most susceptible to CNS developmental defects?
late fetal
When does the brain develop?
last 3 months until after birth, up to 16 years old
List some factors that have contributed to the decline in infant mortality in the US?
Environmental interventions, rising standards of living, medical care, public health
What are some direct causes of maternal mortality?
hemorrhage, hypertension, sepsis, abortion
What are some indirect causes of maternal death?
malaria, anemia, hepatitis, heart disease, HIV
What structural factors make some women more vulnerable to maternal mortality?
access to care, pregnancy protections
Why is there such a focus on sexual health in adolescents and young adults?
many unplanned pregnancies happen in teens, less likely to have knowledge or access to contraceptives, but are more fertile during that period
Which 3 STIs are the most common in 15-24 year olds?
HPV, Trichomonas, and Chlamydia
For which STI is there an approved vaccine for both boys and girls?
HPV
STI where it’s important to know about diagnosis during delivery to prevent infection for infant in birth canal
HSV
may make it easier for other STIs to be transmitted, since barrier is broken down
HSV
What are the 5 P’s of Sexual History?
Partners, Practices, Protection, Past history, and Prevention of Pregnancy
Why do we retest for STIs after an initial infection?
to make sure it’s gone
STIs that can be treated with antibiotics?
bacterial STIs, including chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphillis
the most common bacterial STI - can be spread by vaginal, anal, oral sex, or birth canal
chlamydia
Why are more women diagnosed with chlamydia than men?
women are more symptomatic and have more regular doctor’s visits
what are the symptoms of chlamydia?
often asymptomatic, but can cause vaginal or penile discharge
what is expedited partner therapy?
partner can be treated for chlamydia without getting test
tends to have more symptoms than chlamydia, also caused by a bacteria, and especially symptomatic in men
gonorrhea
why is gohnorrhea more difficult to treat than chlaydia?
antibiotic resistance
what is one severe side effect of untreated STIs?
pelvic inflammatory disease
what is pelvic inflammatory disease?
infection of the fallopian tubes and uterus, can lead to lower abdominal tenderness, fever, abnormal cervical discharge, and infertility in women
a bacterial std that has many symptoms similar to other diseases, but untreated can lead to invasion of the nervous system or heart
syphilis
genital warts, and 30 of the subtypes are known to cause ceervical cancer
HPV
What is the CDC recommendation for chlamydia screening for females under 25?
annual screening
What is the CDC recommendation for gonorrhoeae for at-risk sexually active females
annual screening
Why is there isofficient evident to recommend routine chlamydia screening for young men?
feasibility, efficacy, cost
what are some nonmusical benefits of contraception?
expanded access to education, work, and financial security, increased resources, greater attention and care to each child, higher productivity, increased gender equality and reduced public spending
What percentage of pregnancies are unplanned?
nearly half
What is the role of title X in public health?
dedicated solely to providing individuals who comprehensive family planning and related preventative health services
contraceptive method that blocks STI, but not very reliable (85%)
condoms
how does “the pill” work
progesterone inhibits the LH, causes cervical mucous to thicken, reducing sperm penetration, while estrogen blacks FSH, which blocks ovulation
An implant that slowly releases a synthetic hormone
long acting revisable contraception
how do IUD’s work?
thickens the cervical mucus and inhibits sperm motility and function, and prevents fertilization
