Biological Determinants of Health - Session 1

Question 1

the process where oogonia divide to produce primary oocytes

Answer 1

oogenesis

Question 2

primary oocytes begin at the first step of meiosis I, but then stop at the ___ stage, and remain this way until a female reaches sexual maturity

Answer 2

diplotene

Question 3

When do the oocytes ares?

Answer 3

before birth - by week 20 of fetal development around 4 million eggs have developed, though only 1 million remain at birth

Question 4

During each month’s menstrual cycle, one primary oocyte grows to be much larger than the others (due to richest blood supply, more estrogen production, and more hormone receptors), and it completes meiosis I to form…

Answer 4

a secondary oocyte and a polar body that dies odd

Question 5

What happens to the secondary oocyte if fertilization occurs?

Answer 5

it completes meiosis II, producing a nonfunctioning pillar body byproduct

Question 6

Lutenizing hormone is produced in the ___

Answer 6

pituitary gland

Question 7

What is the role of Lutenizing hormones LH in females?

Answer 7

acts on hormone producing thea cells to secrete testosterone, which is covered to estrogen by granulose cells

Question 8

What happens when there tis an LH surge in a female’s cycle?

Answer 8

induces ovulation and the formation of the corpus lutetium, which prepares the uterus for possible implantation

Question 9

What happens if there is no fertilization of an egg?

Answer 9

estrogen and progesterone send feedback to the pituitary and hypothalamus to suppress GnRH, FSH, and LH

Question 10

each month in an ovulating female, one follicle matures to become the____, which is released, and travels down the fallopian tube

Answer 10

Graafian

Question 11

What happens to the granulosa cell that formed the follicle that contained the released egg?

Answer 11

forms the corpus liter, which grows inside the ovary to produce estrogen and progesterone

Question 12

What happens to the corpus luteum if there is fertilization?

Answer 12

the CL regresses

Question 13

What happens to the corpus luteum if there if fertilization?

Answer 13

the CL continues to grow, providing progesterone and estrogen to support pregnancy

Question 14

the phase in the menstrual cycle where hormones stimulate follicular growth and estrogen secretion

Answer 14

follicular phase

Question 15

the phase where the ruptured follicle becomes the corpus luteum

Answer 15

luteal phase

Question 16

hormone that stimulates follicular growth and estrogen secretion

Answer 16

FSH

Question 17

what happens when estrogen creates a positive feedback response?

Answer 17

prompts LH surge

Question 18

What does the progesterone of the corpus luteum stimulate?

Answer 18

thickening of the endometrium

Question 19

the product of the fused sperm and egg cells that begins traveling to the uterus

Answer 19

zygote

Question 20

a 16 cell cluster that contains the inner mass that will become the embryo, and the outer call mass that will become the placenta

Answer 20

morula

Question 21

where does the placenta originate from

Answer 21

fetal cells

Question 22

the period ranging from zygote to blastocyst, before week 3

Answer 22

pre-embryonic

Question 23

between the 3rd and 9th weeks of development, period where the ectoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm develop

Answer 23

embryonic stage

Question 24

The period of development after week 8

Answer 24

fetal period

Question 25

Wh is the critical window for neural tube defects?

Answer 25

embryonic and early fetal

Question 26

What is the critical window for heart defects?

Answer 26

early embryonic

Question 27

What is the crital window for upper and lower limb development?

Answer 27

early embryonic

Question 28

what is the critical window for cleft lip defects?

Answer 28

middle embryonic

Question 29

what is the critical window for ear and eye defects?

Answer 29

middle to late embryonic

Question 30

What is the critical window for teeth defects?

Answer 30

late embryonic

Question 31

What is the critical window for cleft palate defects?

Answer 31

late embryonic

Question 32

When in development does masculinization of female genitalia occur?

Answer 32

late embryonic to early fetal

Question 33

when in development is a baby most vulnerable to thalami?

Answer 33

embryonic phase

Question 34

What is the "all or none" phenomenon in human development?

Answer 34

in the pre embryonic stage, either the pre-embryo recovers completely from a teratogen of there is a spontaneous abortion of the pre embryo

Question 35

A drug that had been given to women to prevent morning sickness, but ended up being a teratogen that affected upper and lowre limb development

Answer 35

thaliomide

Question 36

When is the baby most vulnerable to teratogens that would cause mental retardation?

Answer 36

late embryonic to mid-fetal

Question 37

When is the baby most susceptible to CNS developmental defects?

Answer 37

late fetal

Question 38

When does the brain develop?

Answer 38

last 3 months until after birth, up to 16 years old

Question 39

List some factors that have contributed to the decline in infant mortality in the US?

Answer 39

Environmental interventions, rising standards of living, medical care, public health

Question 40

What are some direct causes of maternal mortality?

Answer 40

hemorrhage, hypertension, sepsis, abortion

Question 41

What are some indirect causes of maternal death?

Answer 41

malaria, anemia, hepatitis, heart disease, HIV

Question 42

What structural factors make some women more vulnerable to maternal mortality?

Answer 42

access to care, pregnancy protections

Question 43

Why is there such a focus on sexual health in adolescents and young adults?

Answer 43

many unplanned pregnancies happen in teens, less likely to have knowledge or access to contraceptives, but are more fertile during that period

Question 44

Which 3 STIs are the most common in 15-24 year olds?

Answer 44

HPV, Trichomonas, and Chlamydia

Question 45

For which STI is there an approved vaccine for both boys and girls?

Answer 45

HPV

Question 46

STI where it's important to know about diagnosis during delivery to prevent infection for infant in birth canal

Answer 46

HSV

Question 47

may make it easier for other STIs to be transmitted, since barrier is broken down

Answer 47

HSV

Question 48

What are the 5 P's of Sexual History?

Answer 48

Partners, Practices, Protection, Past history, and Prevention of Pregnancy

Question 49

Why do we retest for STIs after an initial infection?

Answer 49

to make sure it's gone

Question 50

STIs that can be treated with antibiotics?

Answer 50

bacterial STIs, including chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphillis

Question 51

the most common bacterial STI - can be spread by vaginal, anal, oral sex, or birth canal

Answer 51

chlamydia

Question 52

Why are more women diagnosed with chlamydia than men?

Answer 52

women are more symptomatic and have more regular doctor's visits

Question 53

what are the symptoms of chlamydia?

Answer 53

often asymptomatic, but can cause vaginal or penile discharge

Question 54

what is expedited partner therapy?

Answer 54

partner can be treated for chlamydia without getting test

Question 55

tends to have more symptoms than chlamydia, also caused by a bacteria, and especially symptomatic in men

Answer 55

gonorrhea

Question 56

why is gohnorrhea more difficult to treat than chlaydia?

Answer 56

antibiotic resistance

Question 57

what is one severe side effect of untreated STIs?

Answer 57

pelvic inflammatory disease

Question 58

what is pelvic inflammatory disease?

Answer 58

infection of the fallopian tubes and uterus, can lead to lower abdominal tenderness, fever, abnormal cervical discharge, and infertility in women

Question 59

a bacterial std that has many symptoms similar to other diseases, but untreated can lead to invasion of the nervous system or heart

Answer 59

syphilis

Question 60

genital warts, and 30 of the subtypes are known to cause ceervical cancer

Answer 60

HPV

Question 61

What is the CDC recommendation for chlamydia screening for females under 25?

Answer 61

annual screening

Question 62

What is the CDC recommendation for gonorrhoeae for at-risk sexually active females

Answer 62

annual screening

Question 63

Why is there isofficient evident to recommend routine chlamydia screening for young men?

Answer 63

feasibility, efficacy, cost

Question 64

what are some nonmusical benefits of contraception?

Answer 64

expanded access to education, work, and financial security, increased resources, greater attention and care to each child, higher productivity, increased gender equality and reduced public spending

Question 65

What percentage of pregnancies are unplanned?

Answer 65

nearly half

Question 66

What is the role of title X in public health?

Answer 66

dedicated solely to providing individuals who comprehensive family planning and related preventative health services

Question 67

contraceptive method that blocks STI, but not very reliable (85%)

Answer 67

condoms

Question 68

how does "the pill" work

Answer 68

progesterone inhibits the LH, causes cervical mucous to thicken, reducing sperm penetration, while estrogen blacks FSH, which blocks ovulation

Question 69

An implant that slowly releases a synthetic hormone

Answer 69

long acting revisable contraception

Question 70

how do IUD's work?

Answer 70

thickens the cervical mucus and inhibits sperm motility and function, and prevents fertilization