Social & Cultural Influences On The Development Of Rational Rec.

Question 1

Key features of urbanisation that contributed to the development of sport

Answer 1

. Lack of space - purpose built facilities

. Large working-class populations - mass spectator numbers at football and rugby matches for 1st time

. Loss of traditional sports - mob games banned, new games needed

. Change in working conditions - as it improved, sports attendance + participation went up

Question 2

Key ways that the development of railways contributed to the dev. of sport

Answer 2

. Movement of teams/spectators: steam trains, faster + further travel -> nationwide fixtures
. Improved access to diff. parts of the country: sport dev. From local to regional to national, leagues forming
. Cheaper train travel: working class followed their teams home + away
. Improved access to the countryside: rambling became popular -> rural areas reachable via train

Question 3

How did improved communications help dev. sport

Answer 3

• improvement in educational provision -> society more literate
• dev. printed media -> awareness of sport, when and where fixtures were taking place

Question 4

Influence of the church on the dev. of sport

Answer 4

• encouraged social control, ‘civilised’ activities instead of ‘less socially acceptable’ activities
• facilities e.g. halls as venues
• sport views as a good way of promoting Christian values
• clergy -> good way to increase church attendance
• organised teams, set up clubs + comps
• Aston Villa set up by Villa Cross Methodist Church)

Question 5

Key ways in which members of the middle class supported dev. In sport

Answer 5

Codification: strict rules, as public school + uni old boys -> formed many NGB’s of sport. Middle C. Took prominent leadership roles in the NGB’s

Competitions: dev. Leagues + comps, via M.C involvement in public schools/unis

Public provision: ‘philanthropists’, church, factory owners set up public facilities (e.g. parks)

Increased leisure time: Saturday half day -> time for sport

Move to /professionalism’: broken time payments in football (paid the better players)

Question 6

British empire influence:

How old uni boys and public school boys influenced the dev of sport in Britain + through the British Empire

Answer 6

As…
. Teachers - dev teams + taught traditional sporting values in schools throughout B.E
. Industrialists - set up teams + gave workers time off to play sport
. Clergy - dev church teams, missionaries of sport abroad
. Officers in the British army - used sport within the armed forces
. Diplomats - travelled + took sport with them
. Formed NGB’s - codified sport + established leagues -> spread internationally

Question 7

Public provision and its influence on the dev and spread of rational recreation

Answer 7

• public baths + wash houses -> improve health + hygiene of working class (local authorities duty)
• increased provision in second 1/2 of the 19th C for public bath houses with 1st and 2nd hand facilities for class divide.
• plunge baths, swim + recreational use = healthier workers more productive

Question 8

Why did NBG’s begin to develop in England

Answer 8

. Sport more popular, widespread
. More teams and clubs
. More international + national fixtures organised
. Leagues + comps required for the teams to play in
. Codification for different sports required, single set of rules needed for ‘fair play’
. Maintenance of the ‘amateur ideal’ to deal with pros - control the sport to exclude working c. From upper games

Question 9

Characteristics of rational recreation

Answer 9

1. Respectability - emphasis on fair play
2. Regionally/nationally/regularly played
3. Stringent administration + codification - strict, complex rules set by NGB’s
4. Referees/officials - enforce rules
5. Purpose built facilities - set around urban areas with large populations to draw spectators