Social Cultural Influences Flashcards
Define etiquette
A convention or unwritten rule in an activity. It is not an enforceable rule but is usually observed.
Define Sportsmanship
Conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport
Define Gamesmanship
Attempting to gain an advantage by stretching rules to their limits
Define contract to compete
An unwritten agreement between opponents to follow and abide by the written and unwritten rules of the sport
Define Performance Enhancing Drugs
Chemical substances that, when introduced to the body, alter the biochemical balance in the body
What are Anabolic Agents?
.Definition
.Sporting Example
.Side Effects
Definition: Artificially produced hormones that mimic testosterone and are prohibited. They promote muscle and bone growth and reduce recovery time.
Sporting Example: Sprinters and powerlifters for performance and recovery.
Side Effects:
-Increased risk of injury
-Increased risk of disease and organ damage
-Increased risk of high blood pressure
-Increased risk of heart disease
-Effects emotional health ( aggression and depression )
What are Stimulants?
.Definition
.Sporting Example
.Side Effects
Definition: Prohibited drugs that have an effect on the central nervous system, increasing mental and physical alertness.
Sporting example: Table Tennis player for reaction time
Side Effects:
-Risk of headaches/strokes/high blood pressure
-Irregular heartbeat
-Can be addictive ( overdose leads to death )
-May mask signs of illness
-Can cause poor judgement
What are Narcotic Analgesics?
.Definition
.Sporting Example
.Side Effects
Definition: Prohibited drug which reduces the feeling of pain. They can mask the pain caused by overtraining, allowing performers to gain an unfair advantage.
Sporting example: Common in combat sports for injured performers
Side Effects:
-Slows down breathing and therefore gaseous exchange
-Increase pain threshold which leads to further injury
-Risk of Constipation
-Addicitive
What are Peptide Hormones?
.Definition
.Sporting Example
.Side Effects
Definition: Prohibited drug that stimulate the production of naturally occuring hormones. EPO is a peptide hormone. Erythropoietin (EPO) is produced in the kidneys to regulate production of red blood cells.
Sporting Example: Marathon runners or other endurance athletes
Side effects:
-Increased blood viscosity
-Increased risk of heart attack
-Increased risk of stroke
What are Diuretic Drugs?
.Definition
.Sporting Example
.Side Effects
Definition: Prohibited drugs that remove fluid from the body by increasing the rate of urination. This can help performers lose weight quickly. Also known as ‘masking agents’ as they reduce the concentration of other prohibited substances.
Sporting Example: Boxers ( or other sports with weight categories)
Side effects:
-Risk of dehydration
-Could lead to heart or kidney failure
-Increased muscle cramps
-Headaches and dizziness
What are Beta Blockers?
.Definition
.Sporting Example
.Side Effects
Definition: Can reduce heartrate, muscle tension and blood pressure. They help alleviate effects of adrenaline and improve fine motor skills.
Sporting Example: Archery, Darts, Snooker, Golf, Shooting
Side Effects:
-Nausea
-Fatigue and weakness
-Increased heart issues
What is Blood Doping?
.Definition
.Sporting Example
.Side Effects
Definition: A prohibited method that involves removing blood a few weeks before a competition and then reinjecting it just prior to the competition. It increases the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream ( body adapts ), increasing the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity ( higher aerobic capacity).
Sporting Example: Marathon Runners, Long Distance Cyclists
Side Effects:
-Risk of infection
-Greater blood viscosity
-Increased risk of stroke
-Increased risk of embolism, causing a blood vessel to block
-Increased risk of heart attack
Why might a performer take PEDs?
.Increases chances of success for an athlete
.Success leads to fame and fortune
.Some performers believe all others take PEDs and therefore they would be at a disadvantage if they didn’t take them.
.Sometimes a performer’s coach may suggest they should take them
.Or a lack of education may mean performers aren’t aware that what they’re taking is bad.
What are the disadvantages of taking PEDs?
.Taking PEDs is clearly cheating, which is unethical. A clean athlete loses out if a drug cheat wins.
. If a performer is caught, their reputation is irreparably damaged
.If a performer is caught, they may be stripped of their medals and/or prize money
.Being caught will automatically lead to a ban. In some sports this can be a lifetime ban meaning their career is over.
. If a performer is caught, they may be fined and they will almost certainly lose any sponsorship or endorsement contracts they had, because companies don’t want to be associated with that.
. There are serious side effects and health risks associated with taking PEDS.
. The reputation of the sport is seriously damaged especially is a large number of performers are caught and banned
. The credibility of the sport is called into question. Successful performers might be suspected of cheating, if there is a commonly held belief that the use of PEDs is rife within a sport.
Name the main factors affecting Participation in Sport
.Gender
.Ethnicity ( race, religion, culture )
.Age
.Family, Friends, Peers
. Disability
How does Gender affect Participation in sport?
.Historically, boys and men have been more likely to participate in sports because of the common misconception that is due to physical differences. Often the case is that social barriers occur that make it more difficult. It is only recently that women have been granted equal opportunities to become officials, coaches and managers in sport.
Issues:
-Sexism and Stereotyping
- Lack of leisure time
-Lack of financial opportunities
-Lack of Media coverage
-Lack of role models
-Bad experiences
How does Ethnicity affect participation in sport?
Issues:
-Stereotyping
-Lack of leisure time
-Cultural traditions ( eg fasting leads to low energy levels )
-Lack of ethnic role modes
How does Age affect participation in sport?
Issues:
-Physical and Psychological: body changes and level of components of fitness decreases
-Lack of leisure time: Participation peaks between the ages of 16-25 when people have more free time, however throughout their working lives as they get older, many people have very little free time.
-Disposable Income ( money left after paying for the basics- water, food, energy, etc ): People have very little disposable income to spend on physical activity and sport, as they focus on their careers and their families.
How does Family, Friends and Peers affect Participation in sport?
Family:
If a family is positive towards sport then this attitude will most likely be passed onto other members of the family; however a negative attitude can act as a barrier to participation.
Family can also encourage participation in other ways, by:
.Providing equipment
.Providing transport
.Becoming a role model
Friends and Peers ( People of the same age and status ):
. They have a very powerful influence on the choices you make
. If a peer group likes to participate in sport, then there is a greater chance that you will also join in. In this sense ‘peer pressure’ can be a positive force
. If your peer group has a negative attitude it can be very difficult to go against the group and so ‘peer pressure’ can also be a barrier to participation.
How does Disability affect Participation in sport?
Definition of Disability: a physical or mental impairment that has a substantial and long-term effect on a person’s ability to carry out normal daily activities.
Issues:
-Limited Teachers/Coaches
-Limited access to facilities
-Transport
-Disposable Income
-Media Coverage
Define Media
A diverse range of technologies that act as a means of mass communication. The media consists of print media, the broadcast media, online media and outdoor media.
Define Sponsor
An individual or group, usually a company, that provides financial or other forms of support to an event, activity, person or organisation.
Define Sponsorship
Provision of funds or other forms of support to an event, activity, person or organisation, in return for some kind of commercial returns.
Define Commercialisation
The management or exploitation of a person, organisation or activity in a way designed to make a profit.
Name the types of Media
.Broadcast Media
.Internet and Social Media
.Print Media
.Outdoor Media
What is Broadcast Media?
.Positives and Negatives
.Examples
Examples include Television and Radio
Positives:
.Information goes to a wide audience
.Live sports
Negatives:
-Subscriptions required
-May affect live attendance at sporting events
-Limited number of programmes
What is Internet and Social Media?
Social media can provide up-to-the-minute information on the big sporting stories and more direct access to performers.
However some of the content online may not be accurate.
The internet provides access to the broadcast media and the print media. Many performers, sports teams and events also have official and unofficial websites, providing a wide range of information.
What is Print ( Press ) Media?
.Examples
.Positives and Negatives
Examples include Newspapers, Books and Magazines
Positives:
.More in-depth analysis and is focused on a target audience.
Negatives:
-Time delay between event occuring and news being published
-Can become outdated
What is Outdoor Media?
Examples include Billboards. These are used at sporting events to advertise products and services to a large audience.
Name the types of Sponsorship
.Financial
.Clothing, equipment and footwear
.Facilities
What is Financial Sponsorship?
Includes paying costs for some/all of day-to-day living, travel, training and competition costs. In return, the sponsor’s name will be linked in some way to the performer.
What is Clothing, Equipment and Footwear Sponsorship?
.Companies that make sports clothing, equipment and footwear give their products to performers to wear and or use while they are playing and competing.
.Companies may pay for their logos to appear on the clothes performers wear and the equipment they use while competing.
What is Facilities Sponsorship?
Often named after the sponsor, providing training facilities or even a stadium.
Positive Impacts of sponsorship and the media on PERFORMERS
.Increased financial support
.Increased marketability
.Can turn performers into heroes and role models
Negative Impacts of sponsorship and the media on PERFORMERS
.Commercial opportunities may cause distraction (have to behave in a way which the sponsor suggests and/or performers may have to maintain their appeal to sponsors and media)
.Strong media presence can increase the pressure to perform
.Being in the media spotlight can mean making mistakes may become very public
Positive Impacts of sponsorship and the media on OFFICIALS
.Being in the media spotlight can turn officials into role models or heroes
.The more money there is in the sport the more professional the role of the official becomes, and the more likely it is that a career path will develop.
Negative Impacts of sponsorship and the media on OFFICIALS
. Can increase the pressure to make the right decision and thus reduce the officials enjoyment
. Being in the media spotlight can mean that mistakes made become very public
Positive Impacts of sponsorship and the media on SPECTATORS
.Improved coverage and viewing experience
.Enhances their knowledge of the sport
.More media coverage of performers lives outside of sports makes the spectators feel more involved in the lives of their role models.
Negative Impact of sponsorship and the media on SPECATORS
.Too many advert breaks may disrupt the flow of the sport
.More people stay at home and watch sport online but now sport is now shown via subscription services, making it expensive to watch.
.Tickets and sport-related merchandise are expensive and sometimes hard to come by
.The scheduling changes, suiting those watching from home but making it difficult for those watching the sport live
Positive Impacts of commercialisation (media and sponsorship) on the SPORT
.Increase in interest for sport that attract media attention, increasing grass-roots participation
.More money available to support grass-roots participation; more money available for teams to pay for things (kit, facilities, etc); more money is spent on technological developments that can give performers the edge.
.There are more competitions, increasing the reach of the sport
.More role models, who are ambassadors of the sport, are created
. The prize funds and rewards for winning are bigger
Negative effects of commercialisation on the SPORT
.The rules of sports (including timings) are changed to meet the requirements of the media and sponsors
.Minority sports and women get less coverage
.Sports can become very dependent on the money they receive from the media and sponsors , with disastrous results if it is withdrawn
Sponsors may sell products or services that promote poor lifestyle choices (against the sport)
Positive Impacts of commercialisation on SPONSORS/COMPANIES
.The sponsor’s name or brand is linked to a positive, healthy, triumphant activity or performer
.The sponsor’s name or brand is advertised to a wide audience ( could increase sales and income )
Negative Impacts of commercialisation on SPONSORS/COMPANIES
.Anything negative occuring with the sport, team or performer which the sponsor is related to, can have a damaging effect on the sponsor’s reputation.
Define Technology
the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, it is constantly evolving
Positive Impacts of technology on PERFORMERS
.Performance analysis aids can help to improve performance
.Performers may be able to use technology to ask officials to review decisions that go against them.
Negative Impacts of technology on PERFORMERS
.The best technology may not always be available because the equipment is expensive to buy and install
.Too many reviews can disrupt play and put a performer at a psychological disadvantage
Positive Impacts of technology on the SPORT
.Make competition fairer because poor decisions can be changed or reconsidered
.Guarantees that correct decisions are made
Negative Impacts of technology on the SPORT
.Too manyo reviews during a match can disrupt play, slowing it down and annoying performers, officials and spectators
Positive Impacts of technology on OFFICIALS
.Provides officials with additional help when making decisions if they require clarification
.Officials are able to communicate with each other via microphones and earpieces
.Reinforces and confirms good and correct decisions
Negative Impacts of technology on OFFICIALS
.Can undermine officials if a poor decision is flagged up by technology and broadcast to a wide audience
.Some officials may be too reliant on the technology and make fewer on-field decisions themselves
Positive Impacts of technology on SPECTATORS
.Enables spectators to see how decisions are made
.Provides spectators with confidence that decisions are fair
.The review process can add to the tension and excitement in sporting competitions
Negative Impacts of technology on SPECTATORS
Can cause unrest or poor spectator behaviour if a decision is not reviewed. The rules only allow a limited number of reviews
.Can cause problems if spectators viewing online have access to technology that the official does not have access to and the official makes a bad decision
Positive Impacts of technology on SPONSORS/COMPANIES
.Ensures fair play and helps the sport project a good image, which reflects well on the sponsor
Negative Impacts of technology on SPONSORS/COMPANIES
Not available at all levels of sport
Define Hooliganism
the disorderly, aggressive and often violent behaviour by spectators at sporting events
Define Home-field advantage
gaining an advantage in a sporting event from being in familiar surroundings, with the majority of the spectators supporting you
Positive influences of spectators at a match
.Create an energetic atmosphere
.Source of revenue
.Help create ‘home-field’ advantage
.Increase profile of the sport
Negative influences of spectators at a match
.Can build pressure on the players if they’re underperforming
.Can scare younger performers
.Can cause crowd trouble and hooliganism
.It may cost a lot of money to manage a large and rowdy crowd
Reasons for Hooliganism
.Rivalries between opposing supporters
.Media hype about the importance of a particular match
.Influence of alcohol or drugs
.Gang culture
.Frustration at events
.Trying to impress other members of their group
How do you combat hooliganism?
.Educating spectators
.Early kick-offs ( reduce amount of alcohol consumed before)
.All-seater stadia
.Segregation of fans
.Improved security
.Alcohol restrictions
.Travel restrictions and banning orders
