Social Cognitive Theory

Question 1

Tolman: Purposive Behaviorism

Answer 1

o He did not see the S-R model as the foundation of behavior
o Rather all behavior is goal directed
o Teleological behaviorism – Behavior is the sequence of events to that are separable outcome
o The S-R connection is mediated by cognition

Question 2

Tolman Immanent expectations

Answer 2

– behaviors happen as if there is a goal
 Behavior shows equifinality: if the typical route is blocked an alternate route will be established
 Behavior is docile or flexible as we move towards a specific goal

Question 3

Tolman on learning

Answer 3

 Latent learning: organisms learn all the time even when that learning is not reinforced
 Cognitive maps: are acquired during the learning process and are revealed when a goal is introduced

Question 4

Tolman Place learning vs. motor response learning

Answer 4

 His lab experiment: rats get better with practice and then flooded the maze but rats were just as efficient

Question 5

Tolman Descriptive teleology

Answer 5

behavior describes the goals of an organism, place learning involves the acquisition of cognitive maps, so learning does not require reinforcement but happens all the time (reinforcement)

Question 6

Rotter: Social learning theory

Answer 6

o Cognitive mediation of behavior
 Stimulus -> cognitive expectancy -> behavioral response
o Behavior potential (motivation) = Expectancy (behavioral conditioning requires person to be aware of the reinforcement) x valence (psychological value of the reinforcement)

Question 7

Rotter: Locus of control over reinforcement and their effects

Answer 7

 Internal LOC: your behavior can lead to a desired outcome
 External LOC: there is no strong association between behavior and reinforcements that exist in the environment (our destiny is fate and controlled by others)
—
* Internal people have better health and are happier
* External people tend to feel more depressed and anxious

Question 8

Seligman: Learned helplessness

Answer 8

Learned helplessness occurs when an individual continuously faces a negative, uncontrollable situation and stops trying to change their circumstances, even when they have the ability to do so.

Question 9

Albert bandura

Answer 9

Did the bobo doll experiment to study o modeling/vicarious learning

Question 10

Bandura: Self Efficacy Theory

Answer 10

o The basis for motivation
 Contingency beliefs: a desired outcome is dependent of a behavior
 Self-efficacy beliefs: one can preform the behaviors necessary to do the necessary behavior to yield desired outcomes
o Triadic reciprocal determinism: there is a reciprocal causal arrow between the person, behavior, and environment
o Associated therapy: therapist must foster knowledge that lead to desired outcomes, then tell the patient has to offer self-efficacy beliefs,

Question 11

Albert ellis: Rational emotive behavior therapy

Answer 11

o He wrote a lot of books
o Premises of REBT
 People make themselves miserable after negative life events
 People are inherently irrational, but can be re-educated

Question 12

Albert ellis: Chain of events leading to ill-being

Answer 12

A (activating event) -> B (beliefs) -> C (consequence of beliefs)

Question 13

Albert ellis REBT treatment

Answer 13

 Assessment stage: the client and therapist identify maladaptive events
 Disputing stage: the therapist attacks the clients irrational beliefs and replace them with rational thoughts
 Shame enhancement/risk taking: the therapist must remove the clients irrational belief that the clients life ends with shame
 Intellectual understanding: if the client has the right cognitions to produce adaptive behaviors
 Working through the problems to fix the irrational beliefs
o Focus on thoughts and on the present moment

Question 14

Albert ellis core irrational beliefs

Answer 14

 Demands: the world should be different for me
 Awfulizing: we convince ourselves that small bumps in the road are awful
 Low frustration tolerance: belief that life should be easy and the small things matter
 Global evaluations of worth: lead to self combination after failure

Question 15

Aaron Beck: cognitive therapy

Answer 15

Maladaptive cognition/beliefs: we develop faulty cognitions that give rise to maladaptive behaviors

Question 16

Aaron Beck automatic thoughts (schema)

Answer 16

These must be made accessible and
 Negative self-schema is negative views of the self
 Negative interpersonal schema is negative views of others

Question 17

Aaron beck: Common autonomic thoughts

Answer 17

 Magnification: patient tends to blow up problems to make them seem larger
 Minimization: patient tends to minimize success to makes oneself seem less successful
 Chatastrificaiton: small bump in road is bigger
 Dichotomous thinking: patient engages in either or thinking (no middle)
 Labeling: makes their own label and says that describes them fully
 “shoulds”: patient believes they should do something without thinking about it

Question 18

Aaron Beck: Collaborative empiricism

Answer 18

 Create an atmosphere of safety
 Distortion are based on unreflective automatic thoughts
 Use of a journal

Question 19

Cognitive therapy as old wisdom

Answer 19

So much of psychopathology is because of our thoughts and not the actual things/experiences