Mechanism and S-R models

Question 1

Mechanistic Theory

Answer 1

-Sees people as machines
-No meaning behind behavior
-Awareness does not matter
-Controlled by outside forces

Question 2

Aristotle on Souls

Answer 2

-What constitutes a behaving organism?
Posses a soul that gives the organism a life
De Anima (“On the soul”)
1.Vegetative soul (primitive plants)
2.Sensitive soul (animals posses this and allows for movement and basic emotions)
3.Rational soul (only humans have this and allows for thought and reason)

Question 3

Descartes on Animals

Answer 3

-All animals are machines
-Hydraulic model: When environmental forces stimulate us, the organism moves
-Humans have free will which distinguishes us from animals
-Humans have souls in the pineal gland
–Can intervene to affect behavior
–Only humans have this gland

Question 4

Pavlovs Unconditioned response and Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 4

-an unlearned response (salivating when in mouth)
-a stimulus that automatically triggers a response (food)

Question 5

Pavlovs Conditioned Stimulus and Conditioned response

Answer 5

-a stimulus that triggers a conditioned response after being paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus (bell ring)
-a learned response to a previous neutral stimulus (salivating because ringing)

Question 6

Discrimination

Answer 6

animals can perceptually tease apart different stimuli

Question 7

Generalization

Answer 7

stimuli that are similar to original stimuli produce conditioned response

Question 8

Experimental neurosis

Answer 8

Procedure that would make make dogs go crazy
Neurosis result from conflicting environmental stimuli

Question 9

Ivan Pavlov main Ideas

Answer 9

-No such things as mind, which means stimulus is always the initiating cause of behavior
-All behavior is reflexive, which means there are innate generalized psychic reflexes to which other behaviors can be conditioned

Question 10

John B. Watson main ideas

Answer 10

-Spokesperson for behaviorism in America, saw human behavior as changeable
-Psychology as behavior views it (1913)
–Argued that we should only focus on behavior
–Banned all references to consciousness

Question 11

Watsons Little Albert

Answer 11

 Unconditioned stimulus – the banging of the bar
 Unconditioned response – fear of the unconditioned stimulis
 Conditioned stimulus – stuffed animal rat
 Conditioned response – fear of the stuffed animal rat
 Generalization – little Alberts fear of white rats and all white fur

-The power of behaviorism is that it can make anyone into anything

Question 12

Mary cover jones

Answer 12

Treated anxiety responses by creating incompatible responses
EX:By repeatadly paring relaxation with snake she could extinct phobias

Question 13

Systematic desensitization (joseph wolpe)

Answer 13

-The theory – neurosis represents non-adaptive habits acquired in anxiety provoking situations
Systematic desensitization
STEP1: Create a hierarchy of fear – the patient talks about how much exposure is needed to elicit anxiety (base)
2. What type of exposure would elicit some more anxiety (snakes out of cage)
3. Snake touching my skin is the third and more anxiety
4. Think about a snake in a cage in this room
5. Snake is on desk in front of you
6. Actually touch snake
STEP2: Exposure - patient starts at base
STEP3: Reciprocal inhibition - They pair the feared object with an activity that is incompatible with fear

Question 14

Stamphls flooding technique

Answer 14

Don’t start at base but start at the top and repeat that top with regularity