Social Cognition - Errors, Biases, And Heuristics

Question 1

Researchers have also found that _____ processing can cause errors and biases that adversely affect decisions and judgments

Answer 1

Automatic cognitive

Question 2

_____ is the tendency to seek and pay attention to information that confirms our attitudes and beliefs and ignore information that refutes them.

Answer 2

Confirmation bias

Question 3

______ predicts that, regardless of whether people have positive or negative self-concepts, they seek feedback from and prefer to spend time with others who confirm their self-concepts.

Answer 3

Self-verification theory

Question 4

_____ occurs when we overestimate the relationship between two variables that are not related or are only slightly related. An example is the tendency to overestimate the frequency of behaviors that are consistent with negative stereotypes of members of certain minority groups.

Answer 4

Illusory correlation

Question 5

_____ is the tendency to ignore or underuse information about most people and instead to be influenced by the distinctive features of the case being judged

Answer 5

Base rate fallacy

Question 6

_____ is the tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people share our opinions, values, and beliefs and has been found to affect judgments in a variety of situations

Answer 6

False consensus effect

Question 7

_____ occurs when people “believe that a particular chance event is affected by previous events and that chance events will ‘even out’

Answer 7

The gambler’s fallacy

Question 8

_____ is the tendency to imagine what might have happened but didn’t and can involve imagining either better or worse outcomes

Answer 8

Counterfactual thinking

Question 9

_____ is also known as the illusion of control and occurs when people believe they can influence events that are outside their control.

Answer 9

Illusory control

Question 10

_____ are the mental shortcuts that provide quick estimates about the likelihood of uncertain events, and although they can be useful when it’s necessary to make quick judgments, they can lead to inaccurate conclusions.

Answer 10

Heuristics

Question 11

When we base our judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event on how easy it is to recall relevant examples of the event, this is called?

Answer 11

Availability heuristic

Question 12

When we estimate the frequency of an event or other value by beginning with a starting point and then making upward or downward adjustments.

Answer 12

Anchoring and adjustment heuristic

Question 13

When we make judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event, we ignore base rates and other important information and focus, instead, on the extent to which the event resembles a prototype (typical case), this is known as?

Answer 13

Representative heuristics