Social Cognition and Perception

Question 1

What is social cognition?

Answer 1

How attitudes, perceptions of ourselves and others, judgements and stereotypes and expectations influence our beliefs, intentions and behaviour.

Question 2

What is categorisation?

Answer 2

A process we have developed to simplify our perceptions by grouping objects which we treat in a similar way.

Question 3

What is the Rules Based Approach?
Who developed it?

Answer 3

• It states that every category is represented by a set of features
• Bruner et al, 1956

Question 4

What are some issues with the Rule Based Approach?

Answer 4

-It can be hard to define the rules
-Hard to agree on the rules
-Doesn’t indicate how well something represents the category (very black and white)

Question 5

What is the prototypical approach?
Who developed it?

Answer 5

• The prototypical approach indicates that members share something in common but not complete identical membership. The categories are fuzzy sets centered around a prototype.
• Rosch, 1975, Barsalou, 1991

Question 6

What is the Exemplar Approach?

Answer 6

Using specific instances as a category e.g Bambi as a deer.

Question 7

What are associative networks?

Answer 7

A network of linked attributes activated through spreading activation

Question 8

What is a schema?

Answer 8

a highly organised cognitive representation that specify features and relationships

Question 9

Are schemas Implicit or Explicit?

Answer 9

Implicit

Question 10

What do schemas affect?

Answer 10

Our judgement and behaviour

Question 11

What are the 3 dimensions of the Entrepreneurship alertness schemata?

Answer 11

1. Scanning and search
2. Association and connection
3. Evaluation and judgement

Question 12

who developed the Entrepreneurship alertness schemata?

Answer 12

Pidduck et al., 2020

Question 13

What id breadth of cross cultural experience?

Answer 13

the frequency or diversity of cultures experienced. (how many )

Question 14

What is depth of cross cultural experience?

Answer 14

the extent of knowledge of specific (or few) cultural contexts. (how long and to what extent)

Question 15

In the Schemas and Entrepreneurship study:
- sample
- methods
- controlled variables

Answer 15

~600 participants (American Public)
cross sectional online survey
age, gender and education level

Question 16

What is The Cognitive Miser?

Answer 16

A perception process which replies on heuristics for decision making and interpersonal perception.

Question 17

What are the 4 types of heuristics?
Who developed this study?

Answer 17

Anchoring
Adjustment
Availability
Representativeness
- Tversky and Kahneman (1974)

Question 18

what is anchoring and adjustment?

Answer 18

using information about initial standards or schemas

Question 19

What is availability (of information)?

Answer 19

Judging frequency of events based on the number of instances brought to mind of that event.

Question 20

What is representativeness?

Answer 20

Whether a person is an example of a particular stored schema (stereotype)

Question 21

According to Hogg & Vaughan (2005) what is the definition of Attribution?

Answer 21

Attribution is the process of assigning causes for our own behaviour to that of others

Question 22

What is Causal Attribution?

Answer 22

the act of inferring causes from observable behaviour or other information

Question 23

What can causal attribution be used for?

Answer 23

To predict and control our environment.

Question 24

Are dispositions internal or external?
changeable or stable?

Answer 24

internal
stable

Question 25

Are situations internal or external?/
Changeable or stable?

Answer 25

external
changeable

Question 26

Who developed the Covariation Model?

Answer 26

Kelley (1967)

Question 27

What is the covariation principle used for?

Answer 27

It is used to decide whether internal or external cause

Question 28

What are the three key questions to determine covariation?

Answer 28

• Does the person regularly behave this way in this situation? (consistency)
• Do other people regularly behave this way in this situation? (consensus)
• Does this person behave this way in other situations? (distinctiveness)

Question 29

What are some critiques of the covariation model?

Answer 29

The availability of information- multiple observations needed, underuse of consensus information, false consensus bias

Question 30

Name the two studies which critiqued the Covariation Model

Answer 30

1. People are poor at assessing covariation (Alloy & Tabachnik, 1984)
2. Covariation is not causation! (Hilton, 1988)

Question 31

What is the fundamental attribution error?
Who developed it?

Answer 31

• The tendency to overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors.
• Jones & Harris, 1967)

Question 32

What is the actor-observer effect?
Who developed it?

Answer 32

• The tendency to make dispositional attributions fro others and situational attributions for ourselves.
• Jones & Nisbett, 1972

Question 33

What was the method of Adams and Insei, (2016) - differences in attribution of victims and transgressors’s study?

Answer 33

Participants offered a “choice” of tasks. most would choose the desirable task (transgressor) leaving next participant (victim) to do the boring task.

Question 34

What were the findings of Adams and Insei, 2016 study on differences in attribution of victims and transgressors?

Answer 34

The participants who did the boring task saw the previous participant as a transgressor and themselves as a victim. They believed the transgressor felt less guilty than they actually did and that their actions were on purpose.

Question 35

What is the self-serving bias?
who developed it?

Answer 35

the tendency to take credit- make dispositional attributions for successes and not failures.
Miller & Ross, 1975

Question 36

What is attributional bias?

Answer 36

a cognitive bias that refers to the systematic errors made when people evaluate or try to find reasons for their own and others’ behaviors

Question 37

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