Social Cognition and Perception Flashcards
What is social cognition?
How attitudes, perceptions of ourselves and others, judgements and stereotypes and expectations influence our beliefs, intentions and behaviour.
What is categorisation?
A process we have developed to simplify our perceptions by grouping objects which we treat in a similar way.
What is the Rules Based Approach?
Who developed it?
- It states that every category is represented by a set of features
- Bruner et al, 1956
What are some issues with the Rule Based Approach?
-It can be hard to define the rules
-Hard to agree on the rules
-Doesn’t indicate how well something represents the category (very black and white)
What is the prototypical approach?
Who developed it?
- The prototypical approach indicates that members share something in common but not complete identical membership. The categories are fuzzy sets centered around a prototype.
- Rosch, 1975, Barsalou, 1991
What is the Exemplar Approach?
Using specific instances as a category e.g Bambi as a deer.
What are associative networks?
A network of linked attributes activated through spreading activation
What is a schema?
a highly organised cognitive representation that specify features and relationships
Are schemas Implicit or Explicit?
Implicit
What do schemas affect?
Our judgement and behaviour
What are the 3 dimensions of the Entrepreneurship alertness schemata?
- Scanning and search
- Association and connection
- Evaluation and judgement
who developed the Entrepreneurship alertness schemata?
Pidduck et al., 2020
What id breadth of cross cultural experience?
the frequency or diversity of cultures experienced. (how many )
What is depth of cross cultural experience?
the extent of knowledge of specific (or few) cultural contexts. (how long and to what extent)
In the Schemas and Entrepreneurship study:
- sample
- methods
- controlled variables
~600 participants (American Public)
cross sectional online survey
age, gender and education level
What is The Cognitive Miser?
A perception process which replies on heuristics for decision making and interpersonal perception.
What are the 4 types of heuristics?
Who developed this study?
Anchoring
Adjustment
Availability
Representativeness
- Tversky and Kahneman (1974)
what is anchoring and adjustment?
using information about initial standards or schemas
What is availability (of information)?
Judging frequency of events based on the number of instances brought to mind of that event.
What is representativeness?
Whether a person is an example of a particular stored schema (stereotype)
According to Hogg & Vaughan (2005) what is the definition of Attribution?
Attribution is the process of assigning causes for our own behaviour to that of others
What is Causal Attribution?
the act of inferring causes from observable behaviour or other information
What can causal attribution be used for?
To predict and control our environment.
Are dispositions internal or external?
changeable or stable?
internal
stable
Are situations internal or external?/
Changeable or stable?
external
changeable
Who developed the Covariation Model?
Kelley (1967)
What is the covariation principle used for?
It is used to decide whether internal or external cause
What are the three key questions to determine covariation?
- Does the person regularly behave this way in this situation? (consistency)
- Do other people regularly behave this way in this situation? (consensus)
- Does this person behave this way in other situations? (distinctiveness)
What are some critiques of the covariation model?
The availability of information- multiple observations needed, underuse of consensus information, false consensus bias
Name the two studies which critiqued the Covariation Model
- People are poor at assessing covariation (Alloy & Tabachnik, 1984)
- Covariation is not causation! (Hilton, 1988)
What is the fundamental attribution error?
Who developed it?
- The tendency to overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors.
- Jones & Harris, 1967)
What is the actor-observer effect?
Who developed it?
- The tendency to make dispositional attributions fro others and situational attributions for ourselves.
- Jones & Nisbett, 1972
What was the method of Adams and Insei, (2016) - differences in attribution of victims and transgressors’s study?
Participants offered a “choice” of tasks. most would choose the desirable task (transgressor) leaving next participant (victim) to do the boring task.
What were the findings of Adams and Insei, 2016 study on differences in attribution of victims and transgressors?
The participants who did the boring task saw the previous participant as a transgressor and themselves as a victim. They believed the transgressor felt less guilty than they actually did and that their actions were on purpose.
What is the self-serving bias?
who developed it?
the tendency to take credit- make dispositional attributions for successes and not failures.
Miller & Ross, 1975
What is attributional bias?
a cognitive bias that refers to the systematic errors made when people evaluate or try to find reasons for their own and others’ behaviors
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