Social Class inequality

Question 1

Goldthorpe’s mobility study

Answer 1

every 1 working class boy who gains a professional job, there is 2 intermediate/ lower middle class boys and 4 sons of professionals themselves who gain a professional job

Question 2

Roberts

Answer 2

55% of WC boys stay in WC, whereas middle class have double the chance of climbing the ladder

Question 3

Lee Savage

Answer 3

Done a study comparing social mobility in the 90s and the 00s, found that in the 00s it was 20% higher than I the 90s, but the low earners remain low, 3% of low earners in the 90s earned a higher wage, 6% in the 00s.
Also aknowledged some do not feel part of a social class at all.

Question 4

Wilkinson and Pickett

Answer 4

UK, high income but low social mobility, compared to countries such as Sweden, the opposite.

Question 5

Subjective social class (Marshall)

Answer 5

Most middle class feel like they are working class despite having middle class jobs that are not manual.

Question 6

Absolute Poverty

Answer 6

Someone does not have enough money to afford things which are essential e.g. food, shelter

Question 7

Relative poverty

Answer 7

When someone cannot afford what is seen to be essential at the time, or basic standard of living

Question 8

HBAI

Answer 8

Low income household, below 60% of the median income- free school meals are based upon this

Question 9

marriage and divorce

Answer 9

53% of children in the UK are born to married parents, 87% high income families, lower income-more likely to come from a single parent background

Question 10

Jarvie

Answer 10

Found a link between types of sports people play and their social class background. The working class- walking, snooker and fishing.

Question 11

Van Gillies

Answer 11

Middle class parents are able to use a range of equipment and skills in order to develop children’s social skills (linked to Bourdeui’s idea of Social capital)

Question 12

RoseMary Crompton

Answer 12

Class reproduction- Middle class parents are more invested than working class children in terms of their education.
Middle class parents also have the tools to give their children an advantage

Question 13

Illan Katz

Answer 13

Living in poverty makes more challenging to live in a happy environment, so harder to focus on education

Question 14

Durkiehm

Answer 14

People should specialize in certain occupations because they bring a sense of value to society- Incentives for working hard for these jobs

Question 15

Parsons

Answer 15

Stratification is inevitable, meritocratic- rewards for working hard, that creates competition for jobs

Question 16

Davis and Moore

Answer 16

The education system, sorts and shifts people into the division of labor.
Functional uniqueness and the degree of dependency on others

Question 17

Tumin

Answer 17

Criticizes Davis and Moore’s functional uniqueness, he says that it is impossible to determine whether a cleaner who sterilizes an operational room is more important than a surgeon

Question 18

Althusser

Answer 18

Repressive state apparatus- that directly control the working class.

Question 19

Bowles and Gintis

Answer 19

The education system- hidden curriculum- teaches students to be obedient and through informal social control

Question 20

Wester guard and Ressler

Answer 20

That Marx’s ideas are still relevant in modern day society due to social class being main factor to determining life chances

Question 21

Braverman

Answer 21

Deskilling of middle class jobs

Question 22

Murray

Answer 22

The underclass has emerged because of overgenerous benefits, this means that a dependency culture amongst single parent households, inadequate norms and values and without father figure

Question 23

Saunders

Answer 23

-A culture of fatalism, and that capitalism is better than what it once was 30 years ago

Question 24

Heath

Answer 24

Found that 80% of people on benefits want a job

Question 25

Young

Answer 25

New Right- scapegoat the bottom of society

Question 26

Beechy

Answer 26

Women are reserve army of labor- example is WW1 and 2

Question 27

Benston

Answer 27

-mens emotional needs
-raise future workers for capatalism

Question 28

Ansley

Answer 28

Takers of shit

Question 29

Hakim

Answer 29

It is a woman’s choice, the reserve army of labor fails to explain horizontal segregation

Question 30

Class

Answer 30

Based upon market position (price cell their labour for) and position and work situation (position in DOL)

Question 31

Parkin

Answer 31

Argued that higher status groups operate in social closure on those below them, preventing them from uprising. The middle class have to negotiate in order for the lower classes to rise above them

Question 32

Barron and Norris

Answer 32

Created the idea of dual labour market, primary and secondary.

Question 33

Pakulski and Waters

Answer 33

Cultural and not economic differences, group themselves- similar interests and not with those who have similar income

Question 34

Beck

Answer 34

Risks people face are no longer specific to their class.