Social Class inequality Flashcards
Goldthorpe’s mobility study
every 1 working class boy who gains a professional job, there is 2 intermediate/ lower middle class boys and 4 sons of professionals themselves who gain a professional job
Roberts
55% of WC boys stay in WC, whereas middle class have double the chance of climbing the ladder
Lee Savage
Done a study comparing social mobility in the 90s and the 00s, found that in the 00s it was 20% higher than I the 90s, but the low earners remain low, 3% of low earners in the 90s earned a higher wage, 6% in the 00s.
Also aknowledged some do not feel part of a social class at all.
Wilkinson and Pickett
UK, high income but low social mobility, compared to countries such as Sweden, the opposite.
Subjective social class (Marshall)
Most middle class feel like they are working class despite having middle class jobs that are not manual.
Absolute Poverty
Someone does not have enough money to afford things which are essential e.g. food, shelter
Relative poverty
When someone cannot afford what is seen to be essential at the time, or basic standard of living
HBAI
Low income household, below 60% of the median income- free school meals are based upon this
marriage and divorce
53% of children in the UK are born to married parents, 87% high income families, lower income-more likely to come from a single parent background
Jarvie
Found a link between types of sports people play and their social class background. The working class- walking, snooker and fishing.
Van Gillies
Middle class parents are able to use a range of equipment and skills in order to develop children’s social skills (linked to Bourdeui’s idea of Social capital)
RoseMary Crompton
Class reproduction- Middle class parents are more invested than working class children in terms of their education.
Middle class parents also have the tools to give their children an advantage
Illan Katz
Living in poverty makes more challenging to live in a happy environment, so harder to focus on education
Durkiehm
People should specialize in certain occupations because they bring a sense of value to society- Incentives for working hard for these jobs
Parsons
Stratification is inevitable, meritocratic- rewards for working hard, that creates competition for jobs
Davis and Moore
The education system, sorts and shifts people into the division of labor.
Functional uniqueness and the degree of dependency on others
Tumin
Criticizes Davis and Moore’s functional uniqueness, he says that it is impossible to determine whether a cleaner who sterilizes an operational room is more important than a surgeon
Althusser
Repressive state apparatus- that directly control the working class.
Bowles and Gintis
The education system- hidden curriculum- teaches students to be obedient and through informal social control
Wester guard and Ressler
That Marx’s ideas are still relevant in modern day society due to social class being main factor to determining life chances
Braverman
Deskilling of middle class jobs
Murray
The underclass has emerged because of overgenerous benefits, this means that a dependency culture amongst single parent households, inadequate norms and values and without father figure
Saunders
-A culture of fatalism, and that capitalism is better than what it once was 30 years ago
Heath
Found that 80% of people on benefits want a job
Young
New Right- scapegoat the bottom of society
Beechy
Women are reserve army of labor- example is WW1 and 2
Benston
-mens emotional needs
-raise future workers for capatalism
Ansley
Takers of shit
Hakim
It is a woman’s choice, the reserve army of labor fails to explain horizontal segregation
Class
Based upon market position (price cell their labour for) and position and work situation (position in DOL)
Parkin
Argued that higher status groups operate in social closure on those below them, preventing them from uprising. The middle class have to negotiate in order for the lower classes to rise above them
Barron and Norris
Created the idea of dual labour market, primary and secondary.
Pakulski and Waters
Cultural and not economic differences, group themselves- similar interests and not with those who have similar income
Beck
Risks people face are no longer specific to their class.
