social class differences (external factors)

Question 1

what is cultural deprivation?

Answer 1

includes a lack of language, self-discipline and reasoning skills to do well in school

Question 2

language (cultural deprivation)

Answer 2

parents communication impacts their children’s cognitive development

Question 3

restricted code (language)

Answer 3

-used by working class
-limited vocab

Question 4

elaborated code (language)

Answer 4

• used by middle class
  -wider vocab and longer, grammatically correct sentences

Question 5

how do language codes affect the social classes?

Answer 5

-texts books, exams and teachers use elaborated code, so middle class students will find their work easier while working class students will struggle to understand

Question 6

what does Bernstein say about language skills (A03)

Answer 6

doesn’t blame home for not properly socializing children instead he says it should be school’s responsibility to teach elaborated code

Question 7

what does Douglas say on parents education (cultural deprivation)

Answer 7

working class parents place less value on education and as a result:
-give less encouragement
-took less interest
-visited less
-less ambitious
-less likely to discuss children’s progress

Question 8

what does Feinstein say about parents education (cultural deprivation)

Answer 8

argues middle class parents tend to be better educated and socialise their children to be more positive towards education

Question 9

parenting style (cultural deprivation)

Answer 9

middle class = consistent discipline and high expectations
working class = harsher or inconsistent with discipline

Question 10

parents educational behaviors (cultural deprivation)

Answer 10

m/c = engage in activities like reading, visiting educational places, foster relationships with teachers
w/c = cant afford to do this or busy with work

Question 11

use of income (cultural deprivation)

Answer 11

middle class = higher incomes that they can spend on children’s educational success
working class = cannot afford this

Question 12

class, income and parental education (cultural deprivation)

Answer 12

whilst middle class parents tend to do better, parents education is key regardless of class and income

Question 13

what are subcultures (cultural deprivation)

Answer 13

a group whose attitudes and values differ from mainstream culture

Question 14

what is sugarmans belief in fatalism (cultural deprivation)

Answer 14

the working class have a belief in fate, “whatever will be, will be” and there is nothing you can do to change status

Question 15

what is sugarmans belief in collectivism (cultural deprivation)

Answer 15

working class value being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual

Question 16

what is sugarmans belief in immediate gratification (cultural deprivation)

Answer 16

working class seek pleasure now rather than making sacrifices in order to get rewarded

Question 17

what is sugarmans belief in present time orientation (cultural deprivation)

Answer 17

working class see the present as more important than the future

Question 18

what is compensatory education?

Answer 18

aims to tackle the problem of cultural deprivation by providing extra resources to deprived areas.
- sesame street (numeracy,literacy,punctuality)
- sure start

Question 19

what does keddie have to say about cultural deprivation (A03)

Answer 19

argues it victim blames and argues underachievement is not due to having w culturally deprived background but are culturally different

Question 20

what does blackstone and mortimore say about cultural deprivation (A03)

Answer 20

criticise the idea that working class do not care about their childs education.
-cant attend parents evenings because of work
-put off by middle class atmosphere
-want to help but lack knowledge to do so

Question 21

what is material deprivation?

Answer 21

refers to poverty and lack of material necessities such as housing and income

Question 22

direct effect of housing (material deprivation)

Answer 22

-overcrowding can make it hard to study
- development can be impaired for younger children who do not have a space for play
- families in temporary accommodation have to move more and results in changes to schools

Question 23

indirect effect of housing (material deprivation)

Answer 23

-poor housing can impact a childs health and well-being
-children in crowded homes have a greater risk of accidents
-cold or damp housing can cause illness

Question 24

what does howard have to say about diet and health (material deprivation)

Answer 24

younger people from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals. Poor nutrition = weaker immune system = illness = absence from schools

Question 25

what does tanner have to say about cost of education (material deprivation)

Answer 25

found the cost of transport, books, computers, calculators, equipment place a heavy burden on poor families

Question 26

what does Flaherty have to say about cost of education (material deprivation)

Answer 26

found that fear of stigmatization is one of the main reasons only 20% of children entitled to free school meals actually take them up

Question 27

what is fear of debt (material deprivation)

Answer 27

going to uni involves going into debt to cover tuition and living expenses, this often puts off the working class

Question 28

what did callendar and jackson find about fear of debt (material deprivation)

Answer 28

found working class students are more debt adverse and see it as something to avoid. they saw more costs than benefits to going university

Question 29

how unlikely are working class to apply to university (material deprivation)

Answer 29

5x less likely

Question 30

working class students at university (material deprivation)

Answer 30

-only 30% are working class - more likely to go to local universities - drop out rates are higher

Question 31

what is cultural capital?

Answer 31

bourdieu argues that the term is used to refer to the knowledge, attitudes, values, languages and abilities of the middle class

Question 32

what does bernstein say about cultural capital?

Answer 32

argues that through socialization middle class children acquire the ability to grasp, analyse and express abstract ideas

Question 33

what does bourdieu say about educational and economic capital

Answer 33

he says that they can be converted to one another - e.g wealthy parents who possess economic capital can convert to educational capital by paying for extra tuition and private school