social class and education (internal vs external)

Question 1

EXTERNAL

BERNSTEIN - restricted/elaborated speech codes

Answer 1

• WC parents use restricted speech (slang, short sentences, gestures)
• MC parents use elaborated speech (correct grammar, complex sentences, wide vocab)
• education system uses elaborated speech (exam questions, textbooks, teacher language)

Question 2

EXTERNAL

FEINSTEIN - language

Answer 2

educated parents use more challenging language whilst less educated parents use simple language

Question 3

EXTERNAL

FEINSTEIN - parental influence

Answer 3

• educated parents socialise their children in a way that supports their education = constant discipline and high expectations
• less educated parents tend to be harsh and inconstant - ‘do as your told’ approach

Question 4

EXTERNAL

HOWARD - health effects

Answer 4

poor diet weakens the immune system - more time off school and lowers concentration

Question 5

EXTERNAL

SMITH & NOBLE - reasons pupils fail

Answer 5

• poor people stigmatized by peers
• FSM often not taken up
• some children work part time
• EMA abolished in 2011

Question 6

EXTERNAL

GERWIRTZ - cultural capital

Answer 6

middle class parents are privileged-skilled choosers so can get their children into the best schools

Question 7

EXTERNAL

SUGARMAN - subcultures

Answer 7

MIDDLE CLASS:
- opportunistic
- deferred gratification
- future time orientated
- individualism

WORKING CLASS:
- fatalistic
- immediate gratification
- present time orientated
- collectivism

Question 8

EXTERNAL

KEDDIE - myth of cultural deprivation

Answer 8

• argues you cant be deprived of your own culture
• WC are culturally different, not deprived
• education system is dominated by middle class values

Question 9

EXTERNAL

BULL - cost of resources

Answer 9

• books
• clubs
• uniforms
• transport etc

Question 10

EXTERNAL

CALENDAR & JACKSON - fear of debt

Answer 10

fear of debt is why most working class pupils do not apply for university

Question 11

EXTERNAL

BOURDIEU - three types of capital

Answer 11

CULTURAL CAPITAL - knowledge, attitudes, values and language of the middle class learned through primary socialisation

EDUCATIONAL CAPITAL - qualifications gained in school

ECONOMIC CAPITAL - money

Question 12

INTERNAL

BECKER - interviews with teachers

Answer 12

• interviewed 60 teachers
• found they judge pupils on image - middle class fit ‘ideal pupil’ image so received positive labels (halo effect)

Question 13

INTERNAL

RIST - primary study

Answer 13

• teacher separated students into tigers, cardinals and clowns based on their socioeconomic status
• teachers focused more on middle class and separated the class based on academic assumptions (self fulfilling prophecy)

Question 14

INTERNAL

DUNNE & GAZELEY - labelling in secondary

Answer 14

• interviewed teachers in secondary
• felt underachievement was normal for working class pupils as they were labelled as uninterested
• led to teachers entering WC pupils for easier exams and failing to see their potentials

Question 15

INTERNAL

ROSENTHAL & JACOBSON - IQ test

Answer 15

• ordinary IQ test they said would identify 20% class ‘spurters’
• within a year this 20% had made the most progress - self fulfilling prophecy

Question 16

INTERNAL

GILLBORN & YOUDELL - organisation of learning

Answer 16

• found teachers often place students in their sets according to labels/ stereotypes
• high expectations from top sets
• WC likely to be lower sets

(self fulfilling prophecy)

Question 17

INTERNAL

GILLBORN & YOUDELL - educational triage

Answer 17

• schools place resources on who they believe can get high grades
• league tables put pressure on performance
• unequal access / knowledge divide

Question 18

INTERNAL

LACEY - pupil subcultures

Answer 18

• pupil subcultures emerge through polarisation
• working class usually anti-school subcultures

Question 19

INTERNAL

ARCHER - class identity habitus

Answer 19

• schools have a middle class habitus (ways of thinking, acting, consumption tastes)
• working class experience symbolic violence as their habitus is seen as inferior
• culture clash as the middle class habitus is viewed as symbolic capital