social class and achievement in education (external factors)

Question 1

what do most sociologists use as an example for determining a pupil’s social class

Answer 1

parental occupation ; 
middle class parents typically have professional jobs like doctors, teachers, and other 'white collar' office jobs 

working class parents typically have more manual jobs and skilled work like plumbing

Question 2

what is cultural deprivation

Answer 2

the lack of cultural equipment needed to do well at school.

these consist of; language, parents’ education, and w/c sub culture

Question 3

what is the restricted code

Answer 3

speech code typically used by the working class - limited vocabulary and grammatically simple.

Question 4

what is the elaborated code

Answer 4

typically used by the middle class, a wider vocabulary and grammatically more complex

Question 5

which sociologist comments on speech codes

Answer 5

Basil Bernstein (1975)

Question 6

how does the elaborated code benefit the middle class in education

Answer 6

the elaborated code is used in textbooks, exams and by teachers, schools make the elaborated code the ‘correct’ way to speak

Question 7

which sociologist talked about the parents’ education and the effect it had

Answer 7

JWB Douglas (964)

Question 8

why could the parents’ education have an effect

Answer 8

w/c parents typically placed less value on education, making their kids less ambitious and motivated

Question 9

what could effect parental input

Answer 9

their parenting style
use of income
their education and behaviour towards it
class and income

Question 10

what did Barry Sugarman (1970) believe

Answer 10

he noticed a working class sub culture. groups of people whose attitudes and values differ from the mainstream culture

Question 11

what did Sugarman argue the 4 key features of the working class sub culture are

Answer 11

fatalism- believing in fate, nothing you can do to change it

collectivism- valuing being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual

immediate gratification- seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices for rewards in the future

present time orientation - seeing the present as more important than the future

Question 12

what did the government do to try and tackle the problems of cultural deprivation

Answer 12

compensatory education- providing extra resources to schools In deprived areas

Question 13

what is material deprivation

Answer 13

refers to the poverty and lack of material necessities such as adequate housing and income

Question 14

what are the main examples of material deprivation

Answer 14

housing
diet and health
the cost of schooling

Question 15

how might housing effect a pupils’ achievement

Answer 15

overcrowding- making it harder to study

safety - damp housing, can affect child’s health meaning they miss school

Question 16

who spoke about diet and health as a factor effecting a child’s education and how do they believe it does

Answer 16

Marylin Howard (2001)
she found children from low income families had lower intakes of energy, vitamins, and minerals.
poor nutrition effects health effecting their school attendance
also effects their concentration

Question 17

who said the phrase “the cost of free schooling”

Answer 17

David Bull (1980)

Question 18

what is meant by “the cost of free schooling”

Answer 18

lack of financial support means children from poorer families have to do without equipment and miss out on experiences that would effect their educational achievement

Question 19

what extra costs come from ‘free schools’

Answer 19

transport, uniform, books, computers, sport/art equipment etc.

Question 20

which sociologist spoke about the fear of stigmatisation

Answer 20

Flaherty - noticed w/c students often got isolated and stigmatised for not having new or fashionable items

Question 21

what is cultural capital

Answer 21

refers to the knowledge, attitudes, values, language, tastes and abilities of the m/c - gives them dominance and power

Question 22

who spoke about cultural capital

Answer 22

Bourdieu (1984)

Question 23

what are seen as the three types of capital

Answer 23

cultural
educational
economic