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Russia 1917-1991 > Social Change > Flashcards

Social Change Flashcards

1
Q

Why was employment low under Lenin

A
  • conscription into red army as soldiers and labour
  • war communism, many factories closed due to industrial output crash and millions fleeing from cities to countryside due to food shortages
  • people in industrial sectors were fighting
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2
Q

Why was employment high under Stalin

A

-peasants sent to towns due to dekulakisation or loss of property and farmland
-cities had many opportunities due to collectivisation
Rapid industrialisation created boom in industrial labour market
Unrealistic targets in FYPs led to over hiring factories

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3
Q

What was a reason for high unemployment during 1917-1921

A

Chaos and war

Demobilisation of red army

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4
Q

How many industrial workers were out of work by 1926

A

1m

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5
Q

How did people benefit from the NEP switch in 1921

A

Severe shortages of skilled workers and experts meant that factory owners now sought out employment desperately and encouraged employment by paying higher wages

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6
Q

What were the reasons for housing to be in constant pressure from 1917-1953

A
  • urbanisation
  • rapid industrialisation
  • WW2
  • post war reconstruction
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7
Q

Why was URBANISATION a cause for the housing crisis during 1917-1953

A

FYPs meant millions moved to cities creating significant housing shortage
-Moscow doubled from 2m in 1929 to 4m 1936

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8
Q

Why was RAPID INDUSTRIALISATION a cause for the ousting shortage during 1917-1953

A

Consumer goods & living conditions neglected in favour for heavy industry, this meant that the were targets for steel and none for housing

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9
Q

Why were POST WAR RECONSTRUCTIONS a cause for housing shortage during 1917-1953

A

4th & 5th FYPs focused on heavy industry manning destruction of houses in WW2 were slow to replace

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10
Q

Why was the WW2 a cause of the housing shortage during 1917-1953

A

Numerous urban regions destroyed in the fighting
STALINGRAD: 90% of houses lost
LENINGRAD: 30% of houses lost

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11
Q

How did employment provide social benefits

A
  • free work clothing
  • cheap meat in the canteen
  • 2weeks paid holidays
  • subsidised holiday trips
  • limited form of sick pay
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12
Q

How was healthcare improved because of the benefits system

A
  • 6m killed in typhus epidemic between 1918-1920
  • because of that there was a compulsory vaccinations such as 1921 cholera epidemic
  • more doctors trained: 70,000 1928 to 155,000 in 1940
  • although they had to pay for medicine it was heavily subsidised
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13
Q

What were the reasons for housing to be in constant pressure from 1917-1953

A
  • urbanisation
  • rapid industrialisation
  • WW2
  • post war reconstruction
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14
Q

Why was URBANISATION a cause for the housing crisis during 1917-1953

A

FYPs meant millions moved to cities creating significant housing shortage
-Moscow doubled from 2m in 1929 to 4m 1936

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15
Q

Why was RAPID INDUSTRIALISATION a cause for the ousting shortage during 1917-1953

A

Consumer goods & living conditions neglected in favour for heavy industry, this meant that the were targets for steel and none for housing

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16
Q

Why were POST WAR RECONSTRUCTIONS a cause for housing shortage during 1917-1953

A

4th & 5th FYPs focused on heavy industry manning destruction of houses in WW2 were slow to replace

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17
Q

Why was the WW2 a cause of the housing shortage during 1917-1953

A

Numerous urban regions destroyed in the fighting
STALINGRAD: 90% of houses lost
LENINGRAD: 30% of houses lost

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18
Q

How did employment provide social benefits

A
  • free work clothing
  • cheap meat in the canteen
  • 2weeks paid holidays
  • subsidised holiday trips
  • limited form of sick pay
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19
Q

How was healthcare improved because of the benefits system

A
  • 6m killed in typhus epidemic between 1918-1920
  • because of that there was a compulsory vaccinations such as 1921 cholera epidemic
  • more doctors trained: 70,000 1928 to 155,000 in 1940
  • although they had to pay for medicine it was heavily subsidised
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20
Q

Why a factors created developed socialism during 1953-1985

A
  • rural living conditions
  • social benefits
  • full employment
  • job security
  • nomenklatura
  • education
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21
Q

How did FULL EMPLOYMENT aid developed socialism between 1953-85

A

Soviet consist Union of 1977 guaranteed almost everyone a job.
Wages rose 50% during 1967-77

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22
Q

How did JOB SECURITY aid to create developed socialism during 1953-85

A

Labour demands=less workers dismissed
Minimum wages introduced 1956
Working week reduced 1957

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23
Q

How did the NOMENKLATURA SYSTEM help create developed socialism between 1953-85

A

CP was the largest employer in Russia
Party increased in size from:
1953: 7m
1980:17m

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24
Q

How did EDUCATION help create developed socialism 1953-85

A

Emphasis on good education was vital for promotion and the initiation of gender equality within education by 1980s

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25
How did RURAL LIVING CONDITIONS help create developed socialism during 1953-85
Investment initiated by Khrushchev was continued under Brezhnev Houses, school & hospitals increased By mid-1970s average rural wages were 10% less than urban wages
26
How did SOCIAL BENEFITS help create developed socialism during 1953-85
Welfare increased fivefold between 1950-80 Pensions rose higher than wages during 1970s Pensions for peasants were introduced in 1964
27
Why were the less complaints from the eastern bloc under Khrushchev
Sophisticated style of control instead of purges and labour camps
28
What were evidence of instability within the Eastern bloc and what does it present
HUNGARIAN UPRISING 1956 CZECHOSLOVAKIAN UPRISING 1968 POLISH UNREST 1980 Presents the view that communism wasn't meeting everyone's needs
29
What was evidence of discontent within Russia
``` Termirtau 1959 Novocherkassk 1962 Alcoholism Hooliganism Stilyagi gangs in streets ```
30
Termirtau 1959
Komsomol members were sent to help build new metal works, they were outraged and appalled by working conditions, this resulted in setting the canteen on fire and hanging the police chief
31
Novocherkassk 1962
Wave of protests due to hike of meat price, this resulted in 70 people killed in KGB crackdown
32
How was ALCOHOLISM, HOOLIGANISM & STILYAGI GROUPS a longer term problem
Alcoholism: 1940-80 alcohol consumption grew 600% & 20m alcoholics by 1987 Hooliganism: theft & robbery endemic in big cities-Moscow in 1970s Stilyagi groups: were harmless but undermined idea of communist paradise
33
What policies did Lenin introduce for women and why?
Declared women equal to mean Divorce made easier Legalised abortion Women no longer needed mans permission to work/study -all these were created in order to gain their support after seizing power in 1917 & it also made part of the commission ideology
34
Why were Lenin's policies ineffective
It didn't change the traditional aspects/views towards women due to Russia still being a conservative and patriarchal society
35
How did the civil war liberate women
70,000 women fought in the red army | Millions recruited into factories due to the men being conscripted
36
Why were women's impacts during the civil war limited
Very low skilled labour leading to work inequality | Men returned after 1921 as Bolsheviks secured power
37
Alexandra Kollontai
Head of Zhenotdel, helped pass gender equality laws, however, her role declined after 1921
38
How did collectivisation impact rural women
Men migrated to cities in search for employment | 1939: 20m women labourer= 60% workforce were made up of women
39
How did WW2 impact rural women
Make population of kolkhoz were conscripted into the army Majority of agricultural labourers were now women By 1959 entire villages were depopulated from men
40
How did rapid industrialisation affect urban women
Forced many women into factories to meet FYP targets 3m female workers in 1928- 13m in 1940 Female brigades built parts of Moscow underground
41
How were urban women better off than rural women
They had better italicise, living standards & education | By 1940 over 40% of engineering students were women
42
Between 1941-45 how many women served the red army
800,000
43
Who was Ekaterina Furtseva
First female member of politburo
44
Who was Valentina Tereshkova
First woman in space 1963
45
What evidence showed that female participation was still limited
16% of CP made up of women, only 7 member of CC before WW2 | First female member of politburo only 1957
46
What was consisted of the family code 1918 and why were they made
Marriage dissolved at woman's request, not just a mans Abortion made legal Crèches established They were made to increase women's rights
47
New marriage law 1927
Same status and rights for unmarried and married couples
48
What were the impacts of the family code 1918
Highest divorce rates in Europe: 50% of marriages in Moscow ended in divorce by 1926 Increase in orphans: roamed streets of big cities, authorities worried Abortions increased: in Moscow, abortions outnumbered birth by 3:1
49
What was the Great Retreat of 1936
A return to conservative values of Russian society, Stalin did this to portray family as a cohesive social unit to create stability in socialist society
50
What happened within the feat retreat of 1936 and why were they done
Divorce made expensive and complicated: 4 roubles to 50 roubles Homosexuality made illegal Abortion banned again Mothers who produced 10 or more children receive 5,000 roubles and a medal Tax on unmarried couples Designed to discourage families from breaking up
51
How was family under Khrushchev
Abortions were legalised in 1955, this was done to reduce financial strain on families Spread of babushka: live in grandmothers to care for children and take over domestic duties
52
How was family under Brezhnev
Decline in population growth: family sizes drop to 1.9 children New family code 1968: 1 months notice before wedding takes place, illegal to divorce pregnant woman Housing was still in shortage
53
In 1917, how many people failed to complete primary education and why
88% this was due to education being limited to the wealthy under the Tsars and not shared with the mass of people
54
Why was education important to Bolsheviks
It was a form of indoctrination and communists believed it was important as they could control teaching of values and beliefs
55
What challenges were faced in education under Lenin
Lunachevsky failed to allocate resources due to civil war Only 1 pencil per 60 students Lack of skilled teachers Under NEP school funding declined Average student attended school for average of 2.7 years
56
Why was education important under Stalin
Stalin out great emphasis on education as he needed skilled workers and specialists for industrialisation
57
Successes under Stalin for education
Literacy rates increased to 75% by 1937 | By 1941 approx. 35m children attended school
58
What challenges did Stalin face with education
Few children carried on to secondary school due to fees for exams Only 3.5m children in secondary education by 1933 Rural education failed due to teachers being branded as kulaks during collectivisation, which resulted in them fleeing to the cities
59
What was the communist elite in education
Childs of CP members would be given scholarships
60
Under that Tsars how many Russians were illiterate
65%
61
What was the liquidation of illiteracy campaign 1919
A campaigns to resolve the issue of illiteracy across Russia, successful where everyone with the ages of 8-50 years were literate
62
In 1959 what were the official figures of literacy
URBAN: 99% RUSAL: 98%
63
What examples were used to provide literacy to people
Liquidation points: thousands set up across Russia where courses we available, 5m completed this between 1920-26 Red Army: new recruits had to take basic literacy classes Muslim women: cultural differences meant 14/19m women were illiterate, courses were provided by Zhenotdel

Russia 1917-1991 (4 decks)

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