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Russia 1917-1991 > Social Change > Flashcards

Social Change Flashcards

1
Q

Why was employment low under Lenin

A
  • conscription into red army as soldiers and labour
  • war communism, many factories closed due to industrial output crash and millions fleeing from cities to countryside due to food shortages
  • people in industrial sectors were fighting
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2
Q

Why was employment high under Stalin

A

-peasants sent to towns due to dekulakisation or loss of property and farmland
-cities had many opportunities due to collectivisation
Rapid industrialisation created boom in industrial labour market
Unrealistic targets in FYPs led to over hiring factories

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3
Q

What was a reason for high unemployment during 1917-1921

A

Chaos and war

Demobilisation of red army

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4
Q

How many industrial workers were out of work by 1926

A

1m

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5
Q

How did people benefit from the NEP switch in 1921

A

Severe shortages of skilled workers and experts meant that factory owners now sought out employment desperately and encouraged employment by paying higher wages

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6
Q

What were the reasons for housing to be in constant pressure from 1917-1953

A
  • urbanisation
  • rapid industrialisation
  • WW2
  • post war reconstruction
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7
Q

Why was URBANISATION a cause for the housing crisis during 1917-1953

A

FYPs meant millions moved to cities creating significant housing shortage
-Moscow doubled from 2m in 1929 to 4m 1936

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8
Q

Why was RAPID INDUSTRIALISATION a cause for the ousting shortage during 1917-1953

A

Consumer goods & living conditions neglected in favour for heavy industry, this meant that the were targets for steel and none for housing

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9
Q

Why were POST WAR RECONSTRUCTIONS a cause for housing shortage during 1917-1953

A

4th & 5th FYPs focused on heavy industry manning destruction of houses in WW2 were slow to replace

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10
Q

Why was the WW2 a cause of the housing shortage during 1917-1953

A

Numerous urban regions destroyed in the fighting
STALINGRAD: 90% of houses lost
LENINGRAD: 30% of houses lost

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11
Q

How did employment provide social benefits

A
  • free work clothing
  • cheap meat in the canteen
  • 2weeks paid holidays
  • subsidised holiday trips
  • limited form of sick pay
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12
Q

How was healthcare improved because of the benefits system

A
  • 6m killed in typhus epidemic between 1918-1920
  • because of that there was a compulsory vaccinations such as 1921 cholera epidemic
  • more doctors trained: 70,000 1928 to 155,000 in 1940
  • although they had to pay for medicine it was heavily subsidised
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13
Q

What were the reasons for housing to be in constant pressure from 1917-1953

A
  • urbanisation
  • rapid industrialisation
  • WW2
  • post war reconstruction
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14
Q

Why was URBANISATION a cause for the housing crisis during 1917-1953

A

FYPs meant millions moved to cities creating significant housing shortage
-Moscow doubled from 2m in 1929 to 4m 1936

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15
Q

Why was RAPID INDUSTRIALISATION a cause for the ousting shortage during 1917-1953

A

Consumer goods & living conditions neglected in favour for heavy industry, this meant that the were targets for steel and none for housing

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16
Q

Why were POST WAR RECONSTRUCTIONS a cause for housing shortage during 1917-1953

A

4th & 5th FYPs focused on heavy industry manning destruction of houses in WW2 were slow to replace

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17
Q

Why was the WW2 a cause of the housing shortage during 1917-1953

A

Numerous urban regions destroyed in the fighting
STALINGRAD: 90% of houses lost
LENINGRAD: 30% of houses lost

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18
Q

How did employment provide social benefits

A
  • free work clothing
  • cheap meat in the canteen
  • 2weeks paid holidays
  • subsidised holiday trips
  • limited form of sick pay
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19
Q

How was healthcare improved because of the benefits system

A
  • 6m killed in typhus epidemic between 1918-1920
  • because of that there was a compulsory vaccinations such as 1921 cholera epidemic
  • more doctors trained: 70,000 1928 to 155,000 in 1940
  • although they had to pay for medicine it was heavily subsidised
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20
Q

Why a factors created developed socialism during 1953-1985

A
  • rural living conditions
  • social benefits
  • full employment
  • job security
  • nomenklatura
  • education
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21
Q

How did FULL EMPLOYMENT aid developed socialism between 1953-85

A

Soviet consist Union of 1977 guaranteed almost everyone a job.
Wages rose 50% during 1967-77

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22
Q

How did JOB SECURITY aid to create developed socialism during 1953-85

A

Labour demands=less workers dismissed
Minimum wages introduced 1956
Working week reduced 1957

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23
Q

How did the NOMENKLATURA SYSTEM help create developed socialism between 1953-85

A

CP was the largest employer in Russia
Party increased in size from:
1953: 7m
1980:17m

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24
Q

How did EDUCATION help create developed socialism 1953-85

A

Emphasis on good education was vital for promotion and the initiation of gender equality within education by 1980s

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25
Q

How did RURAL LIVING CONDITIONS help create developed socialism during 1953-85

A

Investment initiated by Khrushchev was continued under Brezhnev
Houses, school & hospitals increased
By mid-1970s average rural wages were 10% less than urban wages

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26
Q

How did SOCIAL BENEFITS help create developed socialism during 1953-85

A

Welfare increased fivefold between 1950-80
Pensions rose higher than wages during 1970s
Pensions for peasants were introduced in 1964

27
Q

Why were the less complaints from the eastern bloc under Khrushchev

A

Sophisticated style of control instead of purges and labour camps

28
Q

What were evidence of instability within the Eastern bloc and what does it present

A

HUNGARIAN UPRISING 1956
CZECHOSLOVAKIAN UPRISING 1968
POLISH UNREST 1980
Presents the view that communism wasn’t meeting everyone’s needs

29
Q

What was evidence of discontent within Russia

A 
Termirtau 1959
Novocherkassk 1962
Alcoholism 
Hooliganism 
Stilyagi gangs in streets
30
Q

Termirtau 1959

A

Komsomol members were sent to help build new metal works, they were outraged and appalled by working conditions, this resulted in setting the canteen on fire and hanging the police chief

31
Q

Novocherkassk 1962

A

Wave of protests due to hike of meat price, this resulted in 70 people killed in KGB crackdown

32
Q

How was ALCOHOLISM, HOOLIGANISM & STILYAGI GROUPS a longer term problem

A

Alcoholism: 1940-80 alcohol consumption grew 600% & 20m alcoholics by 1987
Hooliganism: theft & robbery endemic in big cities-Moscow in 1970s
Stilyagi groups: were harmless but undermined idea of communist paradise

33
Q

What policies did Lenin introduce for women and why?

A

Declared women equal to mean
Divorce made easier
Legalised abortion
Women no longer needed mans permission to work/study
-all these were created in order to gain their support after seizing power in 1917 & it also made part of the commission ideology

34
Q

Why were Lenin’s policies ineffective

A

It didn’t change the traditional aspects/views towards women due to Russia still being a conservative and patriarchal society

35
Q

How did the civil war liberate women

A

70,000 women fought in the red army

Millions recruited into factories due to the men being conscripted

36
Q

Why were women’s impacts during the civil war limited

A

Very low skilled labour leading to work inequality

Men returned after 1921 as Bolsheviks secured power

37
Q

Alexandra Kollontai

A

Head of Zhenotdel, helped pass gender equality laws, however, her role declined after 1921

38
Q

How did collectivisation impact rural women

A

Men migrated to cities in search for employment

1939: 20m women labourer= 60% workforce were made up of women

39
Q

How did WW2 impact rural women

A

Make population of kolkhoz were conscripted into the army
Majority of agricultural labourers were now women
By 1959 entire villages were depopulated from men

40
Q

How did rapid industrialisation affect urban women

A

Forced many women into factories to meet FYP targets
3m female workers in 1928- 13m in 1940
Female brigades built parts of Moscow underground

41
Q

How were urban women better off than rural women

A

They had better italicise, living standards & education

By 1940 over 40% of engineering students were women

42
Q

Between 1941-45 how many women served the red army

A

800,000

43
Q

Who was Ekaterina Furtseva

A

First female member of politburo

44
Q

Who was Valentina Tereshkova

A

First woman in space 1963

45
Q

What evidence showed that female participation was still limited

A

16% of CP made up of women, only 7 member of CC before WW2

First female member of politburo only 1957

46
Q

What was consisted of the family code 1918 and why were they made

A

Marriage dissolved at woman’s request, not just a mans
Abortion made legal
Crèches established

They were made to increase women’s rights

47
Q

New marriage law 1927

A

Same status and rights for unmarried and married couples

48
Q

What were the impacts of the family code 1918

A

Highest divorce rates in Europe: 50% of marriages in Moscow ended in divorce by 1926
Increase in orphans: roamed streets of big cities, authorities worried
Abortions increased: in Moscow, abortions outnumbered birth by 3:1

49
Q

What was the Great Retreat of 1936

A

A return to conservative values of Russian society, Stalin did this to portray family as a cohesive social unit to create stability in socialist society

50
Q

What happened within the feat retreat of 1936 and why were they done

A

Divorce made expensive and complicated: 4 roubles to 50 roubles
Homosexuality made illegal
Abortion banned again
Mothers who produced 10 or more children receive 5,000 roubles and a medal
Tax on unmarried couples
Designed to discourage families from breaking up

51
Q

How was family under Khrushchev

A

Abortions were legalised in 1955, this was done to reduce financial strain on families
Spread of babushka: live in grandmothers to care for children and take over domestic duties

52
Q

How was family under Brezhnev

A

Decline in population growth: family sizes drop to 1.9 children
New family code 1968: 1 months notice before wedding takes place, illegal to divorce pregnant woman
Housing was still in shortage

53
Q

In 1917, how many people failed to complete primary education and why

A

88% this was due to education being limited to the wealthy under the Tsars and not shared with the mass of people

54
Q

Why was education important to Bolsheviks

A

It was a form of indoctrination and communists believed it was important as they could control teaching of values and beliefs

55
Q

What challenges were faced in education under Lenin

A

Lunachevsky failed to allocate resources due to civil war
Only 1 pencil per 60 students
Lack of skilled teachers
Under NEP school funding declined
Average student attended school for average of 2.7 years

56
Q

Why was education important under Stalin

A

Stalin out great emphasis on education as he needed skilled workers and specialists for industrialisation

57
Q

Successes under Stalin for education

A

Literacy rates increased to 75% by 1937

By 1941 approx. 35m children attended school

58
Q

What challenges did Stalin face with education

A

Few children carried on to secondary school due to fees for exams
Only 3.5m children in secondary education by 1933
Rural education failed due to teachers being branded as kulaks during collectivisation, which resulted in them fleeing to the cities

59
Q

What was the communist elite in education

A

Childs of CP members would be given scholarships

60
Q

Under that Tsars how many Russians were illiterate

A

65%

61
Q

What was the liquidation of illiteracy campaign 1919

A

A campaigns to resolve the issue of illiteracy across Russia, successful where everyone with the ages of 8-50 years were literate

62
Q

In 1959 what were the official figures of literacy

A

URBAN: 99%
RUSAL: 98%

63
Q

What examples were used to provide literacy to people

A

Liquidation points: thousands set up across Russia where courses we available, 5m completed this between 1920-26
Red Army: new recruits had to take basic literacy classes
Muslim women: cultural differences meant 14/19m women were illiterate, courses were provided by Zhenotdel

Russia 1917-1991 (4 decks)

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