Control

Question 1

How did Lenin control the media throughout his leadership

Answer 1

Censorship
Propaganda
Banning opposition media

Question 2

What was used to ban opposition newspapers and why

Answer 2

Decree on Press 1917 in order to get rid of opposition views

Question 3

Why was the telegraph nationalised in 1917

Answer 3

The key way for communism to control brands, ideas and policies

Question 4

Why did the public have little access to literature

Answer 4

Censorship through Revolutionary Tribunal of The Press 1918

The books had to be approved by Bolsheviks

Question 5

What were the impacts of the All Russia Telegraph Agency 1918

Answer 5

Closed down 2,000 newspapers and 575 printing press in 1921 during the Civil War

Question 6

What was Pravda

Answer 6

Communist newspaper that translated to Truth

Question 7

What was the daily circulation of Pravda

Answer 7

10m by 1985

Question 8

What did the newspapers represent and why

Answer 8

It showed partiinost (part mindedness) which presented all the achievements of the CP

Question 9

What was an example of partiinost during Stalins leadership

Answer 9

In 1930s articles celebrated the success of Stalin FYP and ignored the failures such as loss of life and decline of living standards

Question 10

Why was new media easier to control than newspaper industry

Answer 10

Expensive meaning less people had access

Didn’t have long independent traditions where it couldn’t be controlled from the start

Question 11

Why was radio important to spreading communism

Answer 11

Because 65% of the population was illiterate

Question 12

What did the Bolsheviks do with radios in order to spread communism propaganda

Answer 12

Install radio speakers around public areas

Question 13

How many TVs in USSR by 1959s

Answer 13

10,000

Question 14

How many TVs in 1970

Answer 14

3m due to mass production meaning cheap TVs

Question 15

What type of propaganda was shown in Russia during 1980s

Answer 15

Life in Russia was depicted as joyous and prosperous compared to life in the West with high rates of crime, violent and full of poverty

Question 16

What was the purpose of the Cult of Personality

Answer 16

• reinforces leaders personal authority
• stable figure in turbulent periods
• provides popular face for communism
• filled void left by repression of religious worship

Question 17

What 3 stages represents Stalins Cult of Personality

Answer 17

LENINS HEIR: successor and only one capable of continuing revolution
THE VOZHD: personal dictatorship, as father & leader of Soviet Union
GENERALISSIMO: defender of mother Russia and saviour like power

Question 18

How different was Khrushchevs cult to Stalins cult

Answer 18

• De-stalinsation meant dissociating revolution from Stalin
• Khrushchevs policies shown as continuation of Lenins
• Slogan that Khrushchev used “Lenin Lives”

Question 19

What the original religion in Russia

Answer 19

Orthodox Christianity

Question 20

Why did the Bolsheviks undermine and destroy Orthodox Christianity

Answer 20

So it can show that the CP were the ultimate authority in everything

Question 21

What was religion a threat to communism

Answer 21

• was an alternative ideology
• church was a form of social control
• represent a backward Russia, not industrial nation
• closely tied to Tsarist regime

Question 22

What types of religion were within Russia

Answer 22

Catholicism
Buddhism
Islam
Orthodox Christianity

Question 23

What was the 1918 Decree on Freedom of Conscience

Answer 23

Banned all religious education as younger people were easier to influence who communist ideals

Question 24

What happened churches after the 1918 Decree on freedom of conscience

Answer 24

Lost its wealth and could no longer publish literature

Question 25

How many bishop and priests died during 1923

Answer 25

Bishop: 30 Priests: 1,00

Question 26

What were baptisms replaced with

Answer 26

Octoberisms

Question 27

How many Russian still practiced Christianity during mid 1920s

Answer 27

55% of Russians

Question 28

What were priests labelled as under Stalin

Answer 28

Kulaks

Question 29

What did the Launch of anti-religious campaign in 1958 signify

Answer 29

Role of priests limited to spiritual advice only | Parish councils placed under CP control

Question 30

Why did Brezhnev revers Khrushchevs policies on religion

Answer 30

Due to it affecting foreign policies- it weakened relations with other religious countries

Question 31

Overall, how was religion treated under Brezhnev

Answer 31

Better than previous leaders

Question 32

What types of secret police were there

Answer 32

Cheka (1917-22) OGPU (1924-34) NKVD (1934-54) KGB (1954)

Question 33

What was the purpose of Chekha

Answer 33

To root out counter-revolutionists and enemies of CP, destroyed opposition such as Mensheviks and SRs. Lenin made Chekha independent from any governmental & legal bodies in dealing with power. Torture and execution was acceptable under Lenin

Question 34

What was the key purpose of the secret police after the civil war

Answer 34

Purge the party in order to maintain loyalty Prevent factions from forming Enforce orders with politburo

Question 35

Who was in charge of the Chekha

Answer 35

Felix Dzerzhinsky

Question 36

What happened with Chekha during 1922

Answer 36

In order to only take orders from the politburo

Question 37

What happened with OGPU during 1934

Answer 37

It merged with Interior Ministry to create the NKVD which meant that emir powers enlarged

Question 38

Who was in charge of OGPU

Answer 38

Felix Dzerzhinsky

Question 39

Who were the different leaders of the NKVD

Answer 39

Yagoda Beria Yezhov

Question 40

What were the NKVD responsible for

Answer 40

Purges Show trails Great terror

Question 41

What methods did the NKVD utilise

Answer 41

Denunciations Torture Executions

Question 42

Why was Leonid Zavozky

Answer 42

The Siberian Chief published a handbook on torture

Question 43

When was Yagoda head of NKVD

Answer 43

1934

Question 44

What advantages did the NKVD present

Answer 44

Spread and enforced communist ideologies | White Sea Canal used 180,000 slaves which 10,000 died

Question 45

Who engineered the Moscow show trial

Answer 45

Yagoda

Question 46

Why was Yagoda not radical enough for Stalin

Answer 46

Because Stalin wanted mass purges

Question 47

What happened to Yagoda

Answer 47

He was arrested, put on trial and executed in 1938

Question 48

Who replaces Yagoda in 1936

Answer 48

Beria

Question 49

What did the NKVD introduce in 1937

Answer 49

Stalins idea to bring in death quotas

Question 50

Why were members of the NKVD purged

Answer 50

Yezhov purged 23,000 members due to their connection to Trotsky as they were appointed to Chekha previously

Question 51

Who replaced Yezhov in 1938 and why

Answer 51

Stalin used Yezhov as a scapegoat due to the period known as Yezhochina wher purges exceeded highly. He was dismissed and executed in 1940 and replaced by Beria

Question 52

What did Beria focus on with the NKVD

Answer 52

Making the NKVD more efficient and productive

Question 53

What did the Gulag economic growth increase by

Answer 53

1937: 2bn roubles 1940: 4.5bn roubles

Question 54

What was the order 270

Answer 54

1.5m liberated Russian prisoners interrogated/sent to gulags

Question 55

What was Berias downfall

Answer 55

He became an ambitious politician which led to the Mingrelian Affair 1951, Beria was accused of being a British spy and was executed in 1953

Question 56

What book exposed the reality of the Gulags

Answer 56

One Day in he Life of Ivan Denisovich

Question 57

Why were western youth groups described as by CP authorities

Answer 57

Stilyagi

Question 58

Who was in charge of the KGB

Answer 58

Yuri Andropov

Question 59

What was Doctor Zhivago

Answer 59

A novel by Boris Pasternak which was set in the civil war whilst criticising the Russian revolution. Khrushchev banned it however it was smuggled abroad in 1957 to critical acclaim. It won a Nobel prize for literature in 1958, however he was unable to receive the award as Khrushchev banned him from visiting Sweden, this was international embarrassment for Russia

Question 60

What was produced in the gulags

Answer 60

1/3 of Russia's gold, timber and coal

Question 61

What happened after WW2 with the NKVD

Answer 61

Massive increase of their powers under Beria, they monitored disloyalty in the red army and arrested SMERSH spies

Question 62

How many minorities were deported under NKVD/Berias control

Answer 62

0.5m Chechens deported to Siberia in which 170,000 died

Question 63

Negative impacts of de-stalinisation

Answer 63

- made it acceptable to critique communism - Sholokhov described communist culture as 'grey trash' - writers began to explore the harsh life of peasants

Question 64

What was radios airtime reduced to under Andropov

Answer 64

Limited to 20% airtime for non-official music

Question 65

What were Komsomol groups responsible for

Answer 65

Patrolling streets and reporting any unacceptable youth behaviour/activity