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Russia 1917-1991 > Control > Flashcards

Control Flashcards

1
Q

How did Lenin control the media throughout his leadership

A

Censorship
Propaganda
Banning opposition media

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2
Q

What was used to ban opposition newspapers and why

A

Decree on Press 1917 in order to get rid of opposition views

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3
Q

Why was the telegraph nationalised in 1917

A

The key way for communism to control brands, ideas and policies

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4
Q

Why did the public have little access to literature

A

Censorship through Revolutionary Tribunal of The Press 1918

The books had to be approved by Bolsheviks

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5
Q

What were the impacts of the All Russia Telegraph Agency 1918

A

Closed down 2,000 newspapers and 575 printing press in 1921 during the Civil War

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6
Q

What was Pravda

A

Communist newspaper that translated to Truth

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7
Q

What was the daily circulation of Pravda

A

10m by 1985

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8
Q

What did the newspapers represent and why

A

It showed partiinost (part mindedness) which presented all the achievements of the CP

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9
Q

What was an example of partiinost during Stalins leadership

A

In 1930s articles celebrated the success of Stalin FYP and ignored the failures such as loss of life and decline of living standards

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10
Q

Why was new media easier to control than newspaper industry

A

Expensive meaning less people had access

Didn’t have long independent traditions where it couldn’t be controlled from the start

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11
Q

Why was radio important to spreading communism

A

Because 65% of the population was illiterate

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12
Q

What did the Bolsheviks do with radios in order to spread communism propaganda

A

Install radio speakers around public areas

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13
Q

How many TVs in USSR by 1959s

A

10,000

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14
Q

How many TVs in 1970

A

3m due to mass production meaning cheap TVs

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15
Q

What type of propaganda was shown in Russia during 1980s

A

Life in Russia was depicted as joyous and prosperous compared to life in the West with high rates of crime, violent and full of poverty

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16
Q

What was the purpose of the Cult of Personality

A
  • reinforces leaders personal authority
  • stable figure in turbulent periods
  • provides popular face for communism
  • filled void left by repression of religious worship
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17
Q

What 3 stages represents Stalins Cult of Personality

A

LENINS HEIR: successor and only one capable of continuing revolution
THE VOZHD: personal dictatorship, as father & leader of Soviet Union
GENERALISSIMO: defender of mother Russia and saviour like power

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18
Q

How different was Khrushchevs cult to Stalins cult

A
  • De-stalinsation meant dissociating revolution from Stalin
  • Khrushchevs policies shown as continuation of Lenins
  • Slogan that Khrushchev used “Lenin Lives”
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19
Q

What the original religion in Russia

A

Orthodox Christianity

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20
Q

Why did the Bolsheviks undermine and destroy Orthodox Christianity

A

So it can show that the CP were the ultimate authority in everything

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21
Q

What was religion a threat to communism

A
  • was an alternative ideology
  • church was a form of social control
  • represent a backward Russia, not industrial nation
  • closely tied to Tsarist regime
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22
Q

What types of religion were within Russia

A

Catholicism
Buddhism
Islam
Orthodox Christianity

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23
Q

What was the 1918 Decree on Freedom of Conscience

A

Banned all religious education as younger people were easier to influence who communist ideals

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24
Q

What happened churches after the 1918 Decree on freedom of conscience

A

Lost its wealth and could no longer publish literature

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25
Q

How many bishop and priests died during 1923

A

Bishop: 30
Priests: 1,00

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26
Q

What were baptisms replaced with

A

Octoberisms

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27
Q

How many Russian still practiced Christianity during mid 1920s

A

55% of Russians

28
Q

What were priests labelled as under Stalin

A

Kulaks

29
Q

What did the Launch of anti-religious campaign in 1958 signify

A

Role of priests limited to spiritual advice only

Parish councils placed under CP control

30
Q

Why did Brezhnev revers Khrushchevs policies on religion

A

Due to it affecting foreign policies- it weakened relations with other religious countries

31
Q

Overall, how was religion treated under Brezhnev

A

Better than previous leaders

32
Q

What types of secret police were there

A

Cheka (1917-22)
OGPU (1924-34)
NKVD (1934-54)
KGB (1954)

33
Q

What was the purpose of Chekha

A

To root out counter-revolutionists and enemies of CP, destroyed opposition such as Mensheviks and SRs. Lenin made Chekha independent from any governmental & legal bodies in dealing with power. Torture and execution was acceptable under Lenin

34
Q

What was the key purpose of the secret police after the civil war

A

Purge the party in order to maintain loyalty
Prevent factions from forming
Enforce orders with politburo

35
Q

Who was in charge of the Chekha

A

Felix Dzerzhinsky

36
Q

What happened with Chekha during 1922

A

In order to only take orders from the politburo

37
Q

What happened with OGPU during 1934

A

It merged with Interior Ministry to create the NKVD which meant that emir powers enlarged

38
Q

Who was in charge of OGPU

A

Felix Dzerzhinsky

39
Q

Who were the different leaders of the NKVD

A

Yagoda
Beria
Yezhov

40
Q

What were the NKVD responsible for

A

Purges
Show trails
Great terror

41
Q

What methods did the NKVD utilise

A

Denunciations
Torture
Executions

42
Q

Why was Leonid Zavozky

A

The Siberian Chief published a handbook on torture

43
Q

When was Yagoda head of NKVD

A

1934

44
Q

What advantages did the NKVD present

A

Spread and enforced communist ideologies

White Sea Canal used 180,000 slaves which 10,000 died

45
Q

Who engineered the Moscow show trial

A

Yagoda

46
Q

Why was Yagoda not radical enough for Stalin

A

Because Stalin wanted mass purges

47
Q

What happened to Yagoda

A

He was arrested, put on trial and executed in 1938

48
Q

Who replaces Yagoda in 1936

A

Beria

49
Q

What did the NKVD introduce in 1937

A

Stalins idea to bring in death quotas

50
Q

Why were members of the NKVD purged

A

Yezhov purged 23,000 members due to their connection to Trotsky as they were appointed to Chekha previously

51
Q

Who replaced Yezhov in 1938 and why

A

Stalin used Yezhov as a scapegoat due to the period known as Yezhochina wher purges exceeded highly. He was dismissed and executed in 1940 and replaced by Beria

52
Q

What did Beria focus on with the NKVD

A

Making the NKVD more efficient and productive

53
Q

What did the Gulag economic growth increase by

A

1937: 2bn roubles
1940: 4.5bn roubles

54
Q

What was the order 270

A

1.5m liberated Russian prisoners interrogated/sent to gulags

55
Q

What was Berias downfall

A

He became an ambitious politician which led to the Mingrelian Affair 1951, Beria was accused of being a British spy and was executed in 1953

56
Q

What book exposed the reality of the Gulags

A

One Day in he Life of Ivan Denisovich

57
Q

Why were western youth groups described as by CP authorities

A

Stilyagi

58
Q

Who was in charge of the KGB

A

Yuri Andropov

59
Q

What was Doctor Zhivago

A

A novel by Boris Pasternak which was set in the civil war whilst criticising the Russian revolution. Khrushchev banned it however it was smuggled abroad in 1957 to critical acclaim. It won a Nobel prize for literature in 1958, however he was unable to receive the award as Khrushchev banned him from visiting Sweden, this was international embarrassment for Russia

60
Q

What was produced in the gulags

A

1/3 of Russia’s gold, timber and coal

61
Q

What happened after WW2 with the NKVD

A

Massive increase of their powers under Beria, they monitored disloyalty in the red army and arrested SMERSH spies

62
Q

How many minorities were deported under NKVD/Berias control

A

0.5m Chechens deported to Siberia in which 170,000 died

63
Q

Negative impacts of de-stalinisation

A
  • made it acceptable to critique communism
  • Sholokhov described communist culture as ‘grey trash’
  • writers began to explore the harsh life of peasants
64
Q

What was radios airtime reduced to under Andropov

A

Limited to 20% airtime for non-official music

65
Q

What were Komsomol groups responsible for

A

Patrolling streets and reporting any unacceptable youth behaviour/activity

Russia 1917-1991 (4 decks)

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