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Behavioural Neuroscience > Social Behaviour > Flashcards

Social Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Vasopressin and oxytocin

A

-both synthesized in magnocellular secretory neurons in PVN and supraoptic nuclei (SON) in hypothalamus
-vasopressin called antidiuretic hormone
-retain water and contstrict blood vessels
-mediated by vasopressin released from posterior pituitary via portal circulation into anterior pituitary to stimulate ACTH secretion
Receptors involved in regulation of social and reproductive behaviour
-can substitute Epi in cardiac arrest

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2
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • differs by 2 AA from vasopressin
  • connected to birth and lactation
  • connection to central control of social and sexual behaviours and anxiety
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3
Q

V and O history

A
  • nonapeptide genes for oxytocin arose by duplication of a gene after radiation from cyclostomes
  • vasopressin was connected with osmoregulation and oxytocin with reproductive physiology

-recently discovered that both hormones can mediate diversity of processes

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4
Q

V and O actions

A
  • both very similar
  • differ at position 3 and 8 of chain
  • peptide structure also indicates that the oral route of administration will result in degradation in digestive system
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5
Q

AVP receptors

A

-in brain/periphery, kidneys, heart, vascular endothelium, renal collecting tubes

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6
Q

AVP receptor knockouts

A
  • AVP1aR KO mice exhibited impairment of spatial memory, reduced anxiety, impaired social recognition, abnormal circadian rhythm, increased alcohol consumption
    • indication of selfishness in human reversely proportionally to length of AVP1aR gene
  • AVP1bR KO mice had higher level of oxytocin receptor in anterior pituitary
    • oxytocin receptor unregulated to compensate for ACTH release under conditions of AVP1b deficiency

-Brattleboro Bart’s unable to synthesize vasopressin

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7
Q

Vasopressin as pro-social hormone

A
  • vasopressin is a pair-binding hormone
  • delivery extra AV1 receptor induces monogamous behaviour in voles
  • vasopressin signalling is dominant in males, and oxytocin in females
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8
Q

Vasopressin and social cognition

A
  • receptors in olfactory bulb and septum involved in social memory processing
  • administration of AVPR1a antagonist diminishes individual social memory
  • Brattleboro rate that cannot synthesize AVP show deficit in social memory formation
  • injection of vasopressin in septum improve, where AVPR1a antagonist impair social recognition in male/female rats and male mice
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9
Q

Brattleboro rats

A
  • have AVP deficiency
  • adolescent animals (kept single) were allowed to interact for 10 min with unfamiliar sex/age rat
  • rats homozygous for Brattleboro mutation show decreased social behaviour and ultrasonic focalization
    • but increased huddle (passive social behaviour)
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10
Q

Vasopressin receptor AVPR1a gene polymorphism

A
  • prosocial behaviour correlated with length of AVP1aR gene and expression of that mRNA
  • in humans there were individual differences in promoter sequence with microsatellite repeat regions RS1 and Rs3
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11
Q

AVPR1a RS3 long vs short genotype

A
  • long repeat associated with high allocators
  • males homozygous for long repeats gave higher amount

-long repeats associated with higher AVPR1a in humans

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12
Q

Vasopressin and human bonding behaviour

A
  • in humans the allele of AVPR1a gene has been associated with marital problems and marital status in men
  • observed perception of lower quality relationship expressed by their spouses
  • effect of vasopressin in pair-bonding is more prominent in male voles vs females
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13
Q

Oxytocin functions

A
  • functions depends on life stage
    • strong emphasis with reproduction and parenting
  • some functions associated with social behaviours
  • evolutionary younger than vasopressin
    • therefore only 1 receptor
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14
Q

Social behaviour

A
  • social behaviour is any form of interaction and communication between two conspecifics
  • higher level of complexity than non social
  • status, health, reproduction of individual depends on ability to maintain social relations
  • some disorders associated with impairment in social functions
  • behaviours depend on cues
  • male mouse exposed to female cues may initiate mating behaviour vs male cues which may lead to aggression
  • some cues may trigger different behaviour depending on ex’s of adult mouse
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15
Q

Oxytocin actions

A
  • mostly stimulates sexual and maternal behaviour across species
  • negative impact of oxytocin observed within nocicpetion, anxiety, memory and learning, and memory and tolerance to opiated
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16
Q

Oxytocin receptor and social recognition

A
  • wil type males remember previously met females
    • less time investigating those females
  • oxytocin receptor KO males spend equal time investigating familiar and novel females
    • indicates impaired social recognition
17
Q

Oxytocin and aggression

A
  • during resident intruder test/ female intruder test

- aggression associated with increased oxytocin release in males

18
Q

Oxytocin and food intake

A
  • intranasal oxytocin and access to buffet
  • oxytocin reduced sweet or salty snack consumption in all participants
    • did not affect neurotransmission snacks

-oxytocin reduced buffet calorie intake in obese but not normal weight men

19
Q

Oxytocin and social behaviour in macaques

A
  • 7-14 days old macaques nebulized with oxytocin or placebo
  • oxytocin increased affliative communicative gestures
  • decreased salivary cortisol
  • some stress related behaviours not affected by oxytocin
20
Q

Oxytocin and alloparenting behaviour

A
  • oxytocin injection or ontogenetic release from PVN increase response of virgin females to distress calls made by isolated pups
  • maternal like behaviours develops slowly in 50% of control virgins but significantly increased in oxytocin group
21
Q

Oxytocin alters human behaviour

A
  • some animal studies indicate that oxytocin is also important in pair bonding
  • nasal injection of oxytocin was shown to increase the distance of males that are involved in a monogamous relationship between them and an attractive female by 15cm
  • effect of oxytocin not observed in single males
  • oxytocin May help promote faithfulness within monogamous relationships
22
Q

ASD and oxytocin receptor

A
  • oxytocin receptor densities were estimated in normal and autistic human brains
  • increase receptors in ASD in nucleus basalis of meynert
  • decrease in ASD in ventral pallidum

Similarities

  • NBM located in basal forebrain mediated visual attention
  • Superior colliculus controls eye movements and shifting gaze direction
23
Q

Oxytocin and brain activity

A
  • social ball tossing game
  • 2ficticious partners 1 fair, 1 unfair
  • goal to induce feelings of social pain
  • face matching task - 2 neutral faces associated with fair players, 2 with unfair and 2 not shown during game
  • nasal spray with oxytocin or placebo
  • oxytocin enhanced activity of OFC (reward) in response to fair partner
  • insula activation (social pain and aversion) in response to unfair partner
  • oxytocin reduced amygdala and hippocampus activity only during equity talks
  • oxytocin could help ASD patients in differentiating fair from unfair actions
  • some studies show that oxytocin enhances memory for faces
24
Q

Oxytocin and arachnophobia

A
  • behavioural approach task used as method of exposure therapy
  • anxiety qualified as rating of subject sites
  • oxytocin worsens all scores
    • indicating that in humans oxytocin may be anxiogenic (induce anxiety)
  • may need more participants
25
Q

Ocytocin and anorexia

A
  • intranasal oxytocin decreased salivary cortisol in response to palatable food photographs
  • significantly increased milkshake consumption

-altered attentional bias in response to food stimuli

Behavioural Neuroscience (6 decks)

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