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Behavioural Neuroscience > Methods > Flashcards

Methods Flashcards

1
Q

Invasive methods

A

-associated introducing instruments into the body

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2
Q

Experimental ablation

A
  • invasive
  • lesioning
  • removal or damage to part of the brain
  • may be permanent or temporary
  • same animal can be used as a control (contralateral side)
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3
Q

Lesions

A
  • invasive
  • radio frequency lesion (permanent) that destroys tissue around electrode
  • also applied in therapy for human patient treatment
  • neurotoxic lesion (mostly permanent) using toxins that destroy neurons
  • infusion of anesthetic, muscimol, or local cooling
    • reversible approaches
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4
Q

Local stimulation/recording of neuronal activity

A
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5
Q

Microdialysis

A
  • use semipermeable membrane to deliver substance or collect released substance from neurons
  • cons: low temporal resolution
  • fast-scan cyclic voltammetry as a substitution with better resolution but it is difficult to do
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6
Q

Microiontophoresis

A

-allows to inject minute amounts of a substance and measure its effect on a neuron

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7
Q

EEG

A
  • measures electrical ectivity in the brain using electrodes attached to the skull
  • one of oldest methods
  • pros: cheap, safe, well-developed
  • cons: low spatial resolution
  • sleep studies rely on EEGs
  • lie detectors
  • measuring IQ
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8
Q

MEG

A
  • measures magnetic changes generated by neuronal activity
  • pros: high spatial resolution
  • cons: expensive and requires sophisticated methods to eliminate environmental magnetic interference
  • low harm
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9
Q

iEEG

A
  • intercranial EEG
  • invasive
  • better spatial resolution but could damage tissue
  • used in situations for epilepsy
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10
Q

In vivo imaging - computerized axial tomography

A
  • computerized (axial) tomography
  • non insvasive
  • uses X-ray beam to show brain structure
  • often combined with other imaging (PET) to enhance structure recognition
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11
Q

MRI

A
  • in vivo imagining
  • atomic nuclei emit energy in magnetic field
  • now evolved into MRI, fMRI, and MRS
  • shows structure and function
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12
Q

PET

A
  • positron emission tomography
  • in vivo imaging
  • positron + electron = gamma waves
  • requires the cyclotron to produce the positron matter
  • 18F most commonly used (expensive)

-SPECT: uses gamma emitting isotopes, cheaper than PET, often combined with CT

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13
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

A
  • non invasive
  • stimulate brain regions using magnetic fields
  • repeated application of TMS pulses at regular intervals is called repetitive TMS
    • used for patient treatment
  • can be used to treat pain, depression, OCD, schizophrenia, PTSD, panic disorder, Parkinson’s
  • doesnt have great precision
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14
Q

Deep brain stimulation

A
  • invasive
  • stimulate brain regions using electric impulses and creating local field potentials
  • electrodes implanted using stereotactic surgery
  • useful in treatment of movement disorders
    • dystonia, tremor, pain, Huntington’s
    • depression, addiction, dementia, MS, stroke, TBI, Tourette etc
  • many risks
  • patients must have electrodes continuously to benefit from treatment
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15
Q

Face validity

A

-the degree to which a procedure appears effective in terms of its aims stated

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16
Q

Empirical/construct validity

A

-the degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure

17
Q

Open field test

A
  • used as prelim test to evaluate locomotor activity
  • smells must be eliminated if using same cage for multiple species
  • quantitative
    • infrared beams, video tracking, distance moved, velocity (reliable)
  • qualitative
    • rating scales, tallies of exploratory behaviour, grooming (less reliably
18
Q

Locomotor function and balance

A
  • beam walk test
    • measures time to cross, distance before falling, number of stops, number of slips
    • difficulty may be increased by reducing rod diameter
  • RotaRod
    • mice placed on rotating rod
    • latency to fall is measured
    • tests motor learning, balance, coordination, muscle strength, fitness
19
Q

Animal behaviour tests - pain

A
  1. Tail flick test
    • beam of light focused on tail latency to remove tail is measured
  2. Hot plate test
    • animal placed on heated surface
    • latency to kick back paws/ escape measured
    • tested animals should be same age due to skin thickness
    • most also test cold plate
  3. Formalin test
    • dilute injection to assess pain behaviour
    • can cause chronic pain
    • 2 waves: instant and delayed pain
20
Q

Learning and memory - mazes

A
  • can be simple T-maze or Y maze
  • study exploratory behaviour
  • cheap and easy
  • sometimes animal must be food/water deprived to motivate behaviour
  • can be used for different species
  • may be useful for evaluation of other measures (photaxis)

-impaired vision could affect data

21
Q

Radial arm maze

A

-designed to measure spatial learning and memory

  • advantage
    • utilizes animals normal foraging behaviour
  • disadvantage
    • food deprivation
    • difficult to eliminate scent tracks
    • takes up a lot of space
22
Q

Morris water maze

A
  • popular to study spatial learning and memory
  • size of platform and tank may vary
  • water is opaque
  • advantages
    • no scent cues
    • no food deprivation
  • disadvantages
    • swimming is stressful
    • must be able to see (hard to tell if rodent has good vision)
  • hippocampus lesions produce difficultly in learning
    • improved if subsequent trails start at same point
    • no learning if start location changes
23
Q

Barnes maze

A
  • developed by Dr Carol Barnes
  • round platform with holes
    • one hole has escape
  • advantages
    • less stressful
    • no food deprivation
  • disadvantages
    • scent cues
    • lower motivation
24
Q

Passive avoidance

A
  • fear learning
  • animal placed in brightly lit compartment
  • entering dark compartment associated with a foot shock
  • latency to enter dark compartment is a measure of memory
  • scopolamine used to impair memory for this task
    • cholinergic receptor antagonist
25
Q

Novel object recognition test

A
  • based on natural tendency of rodents to spend more time exploring novel objects
  • choice to explore novel object reflects the use of learning and recognition memory
  • animal first familiarized with 2 objects
    • one then replaced by another similar object
    • memory evaluated by latency to explore novel object
  • advantages
    • non-forced
    • non-invasive
26
Q

Elevated plus maze

A
  • test of anxiety
  • based on conflict between staying safe and exploring new, unsafe environment
  • anxiolytics increase time spent in open arms

-MK-108 (NMDA glutametergic anatagonist)

27
Q

Depressive behaviour

A

-3 commonly used behavioural tests

  1. Learned helplessness
    • inescapable then escapable shock
  2. Forced swim test
    • coping behaviours: swimming, struggling
    • learned helplessness: immobility
  3. Sucrose preference test
    • models anhedonic aspect of depression
28
Q

Porsolt forced swimming test

A
  • depression like phenotype is associated with lower latency to stay immobile and less swimming/efforts to escape beaker
  • antidepressants have opposite effects
    • increase latency and extend swimming time
  • usually a short test (6 min)
  • easy and cheap method

-cruel

29
Q

Tail suspension test

A
  • considered to be better choice than porsolt test
  • depressive behaviour associated with reduced latency in upright position
  • advantages
    • no water immersion
    • doesnt require sophisticated equipment
  • disadvantages
    • very cruel
    • some strains use their tail to climb
30
Q

Marble burying test

A
  • 2 marbles evenly distributed on surface
  • 30 min time
  • burying is natural behaviour for mice
    • those which bury more marbles in same time express repetitive behaviour
    • model for autism
  • also used to test anxiety and OCD
  • validity is controversial
31
Q

Measuring addictive behaviour

A
  • using one bottle or two bottle paradigm to study alcohol drinking
  • more complex methods use principle of classical (conditioned place preference) or operant (drug self-administration) conditioning
32
Q

Conditioned place preference

A
  • based on classical conditioning
  • uses 2 distance environments
    • 1 paired with drug
    • 1 pairs with vehicle
  • advantages
    • reflects motivational state
    • relatively easy
    • animals tested in non-drugged state
    • can determine preference and aversion
  • disadvantages
    • injections are adversity
    • animals innate preferences
    • non-contingent drug administration
33
Q

Self administration

A
  • based on operant conditioning
  • operant response (lever press/ nose poke) results in IV administration of drug or direct delivery to brain
  • advantages
    • high face validity and contingent drug administration
    • control over drug dose and timing
    • can use progressive ration to determine motivational breaking point
    • can determine reinforcing properties of drug and rewarding properties of secondary reinforcers
34
Q

Behavioural methods for humans

A
  • need to obtain consent and approval of ethical committee is more difficult
  • usually the demeaned characteristic is high (deception needed)
  • common use of self reporters (bias)
35
Q

Pain testing in humans

A
  1. Face scale: o ring ally developed for evaluating pain in children
  2. Cold pressor test
  3. McGill pain questionnaire
    -sensory, affective, evaluative descriptors of pain
    3 measures: pain rating index, number of words chosen, present pain intensity
36
Q

Cold pressor test

A
  • hand immersed in ice bath
  • threshold and tolerance measured
  • HR and BP measured
  • in healthy subject the procedure increases BP and HR
  • more painful variant uses heat bath immersion

-method useful for a valuations cardiac response also

37
Q

Cold pressor test study

A
  • 60 healthy undergrad participants
  • results
    • describing painkiller produces significantly less pain in second trial and increases tolerance

-authors suggest that this kind of unconscious priming may have clinical application

Behavioural Neuroscience (6 decks)

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