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Animal Welfare #2 > Social Behaviour > Flashcards

Social Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What is social behaviour?

A

The interactions occurring between individuals of the same or different species that share some sort of structural relationship

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2
Q

What is socialization?

A

The process of adopting behavioural patterns that leads to a relatively stable social structure

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3
Q

Primary socialization

A

Initial emotional attachment formed with their own or other species

The young will follow mother no matter if the animal is rewarded, punished, or treated indifferently by the individual or object of socialization

Ex. Kittens 3-9 weeks, Puppies 19days-12 weeks

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4
Q

Secondary socialization

A

As individuals enter new parts of social life and engages in interactions with peers or other species

Eg. Play behaviour

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5
Q

Area in between primary and secondary socialization

A

Often a period of extreme fear response to that which is strange

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6
Q

Types of socialization depending on amount of parental care

A
  1. Precocial- offspring require little parental care (eg. Cattles, piglets, foal)
    - Primary socialization occurs during birth more suddenly
  2. Altricial- offspring require prolonged and extensive care (eg. Rodents, rabbits, babies)
    - Primary socialization occurs gradually after birth
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7
Q

Bonding

A

Any social connection prolonged in time between two individuals

Eg. Mating, maternal bonding

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8
Q

Imprinting

A
  • Type of bonding
  • Phase-sensitive learning process that occurs at birth (6-18 hours)
  • Rapid and irreversible
  • Animals will attach to the first object with which they have visual, auditory, or tactile experience (eg. Their parents, rubber boots, a bow on a toy train)
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9
Q

Where has imprinting been intensively studied?

A
  • Birds (imprinting)
  • A similar form of bonding seen in young mammals and some fish and insects, but not considered imprinting
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10
Q

Affiliative behaviours

A
  • Social interactions that function to reinforce social bonds with a group or which are of mutual benefit to all animals involved in the interaction
  • Includes allogrooming/allopreening, allofeeding/food sharing, behavioural synchrony, and spatial proximity
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11
Q

Social Structure

A
  • An organization between individuals with long-term consequences for spatial distribution, access to resources and behavioural interactions
  • Includes hierarchy and social roles
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12
Q

Hierarchy

A

An order of individuals or groups of individuals in a social structure, based upon some ability or characteristics

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13
Q

Types of hierarchy

A
  1. Linear- quite common in small groups (a > b > c > d> e)
  2. Triangular- common in horses and cattle; not usually one individual higher than other but instead a group of the herd is more dominant than the other (A=B=C > d > e >f)
  3. Despot- common in roosters (A> b=c=d=e)
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14
Q

Physiological Factors influencing dominance

A
  1. Age of animal: older >younger
  2. size of animal: larger > smaller (except if they are older)
  3. Presence or size of horns, combs, antlers
  4. Genes: Breed, coat colour, aggressiveness
  5. Gender: males (usually) > females > juveniles
    - The injection of androgens can increase/alter status proving that testosterone has a significant role
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15
Q

Psychological factors influencing dominance

A
  1. Home court advantage on familiar territory
  2. Win/loss record- related to experience. Individuals who are dominant in another group are more likely to win dominance in a new group irrespective of their size or age due to their experience and psychological beliefs
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16
Q

Social Roles

A
  • The way the group behaves is due to the roles/behaviours of the individuals making up the group
  • Includes 3 roles: leader, initiator, and controller
  • Sometimes one individual can be more than one role
17
Q

Leader- Social Role

A

The individual that is in the front during an orderly group progression. The one that is followed by others

Eg. Moving into the milking parlour

18
Q

Initiator- Social Role

A

The individual that is the first to react to a stimuli. The one that moves first.

Eg. An alarm call would elicit freezing behaviour

19
Q

Controller- Social Role

A

The individual that determines when and where group movements occur.

20
Q

Advantages of social groups

A
  • Protection from environment (huddle for warmth)
  • Protection against predators
  • Enhanced ability to find mates
  • Increases ability to find and protect resources
  • Division of labor
  • Richer learning environment for young
21
Q

Disadvantages of social groups

A
  • Increased competition (feeding, breeding)
  • Increased spread of disease and parasites
  • Group may be more conspicuous to predators
  • Reduced fitness due to inbreeding
  • Risk of exploitation by group members
22
Q

Why living in a group?

A
  • Social isolation is a bad alternative
  • Inability to change or control undesirable social structures
23
Q

Cooperative behaviours between species

A
  1. Animals (seagulls, squirrels, crows, etc.) learned to live close to humans for their benefit, which was probably the first step for domestication of dogs, cats, cattle, etc.
  2. Pool defensive resources- acute senses of one species makes up for deficiencies in another
    Ex. Multispecies flocking: alarm calls, discovery of food resources, confusion to predators
  3. Cooperative hunting- one species uses another species (or vehicles) to flush prey
24
Q

Interspecific social behaviour

A

Some species that are capable of forming social groups with other species (eg. Cats and dogs with humans) may adapt their intraspecific behavioural repertoire in order to improve communication with another species

Eg. Cats vocalize more towards humans to get what they want

25
Q

Information Transfer

A
  1. Social transmission
  2. Social Learning
26
Q

Social Transmission

A

all processes that involve a simple transfer of information and/or behaviour between individuals of the same or different species

27
Q

Social Learning

A

Observational learning of novel behaviours between subjects of the same species requiring more complex cognitive abilities

28
Q

Examples of social transmission

A
  1. social facilitation
  2. stimulus enhancement
  3. local enhancement
29
Q

Social facilitation

A

When the behaviour by an individual is triggered or increases in rate or frequency by the presence of another individual carrying out that behaviour (increases motivation without learning involved)

Ex. Calf drinking milk- Will drink less when alone. Will drink more when a hungry calf is in next pen, will drink even more when another calf in the same pen is muzzled

30
Q

Stimulus Enhancement

A

Where the observer becomes more likely to interact with the object with which the demonstrator interacts. The observer is therefore more likely to learn about the consequences of interacting with these types of stimuli through individual associative learning

31
Q

Local enhancement

A

Where the behaviour of a demonstrator results in an increase in the salience of a particular location. The observer’s motivation to investigate the location may be increased

32
Q

Examples of Social Learning

A
  1. Goal emulation
  2. Action-level imitation
  3. Program-level imitation
33
Q

Goal emulation

A

Animal replicates the outcome, not the behaviour of the other animal. Refers to the reproduction of the results of a model’s behaviour rather than the reproduction of the precise behaviour that produced those results. The observer engages in similar behaviours to achieve that goal, without necessarily replicating the specific actions needed.

Ex. Monkey carries cup over to fill with water and get treat from bottom. Other moneky sees this and pees in cup to get the treat to rise so he can reach it. Same out come, different method

34
Q

Action-level imitation

A

The observer copies a motor pattern from the demonstrator to achieve a goal. It requires a certain cognitive sophistication

35
Q

Program-level imitation

A

It involves a sequence of copied movements that are observed

Ex. young mountain gorillas learn how to prepare certain noxious plants for consumption

36
Q

Imitation vs. learning

A

In many cases imitations occurred as a form of associative learning, mediated by human reinforcement.

Ex. the parrot imitates human talking but did not learn how to do it on their own.

  • Learning involves intention and purpose
  • Learning requires cognitive skills and brain structures not found in other species
  • Evolutionary speaking, the cost/benefit of having those structures may be low

Animal Welfare #2 (14 decks)

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