social area Flashcards
milgram results
All 40 continued up to 300 shocks
25 continued to the end (65%)
many showed signs of distress and 3 had seizures
milgram section a
Self-selected sample of 40 men from various occupations an educational backgrounds.
Took place in a lab at Yale University
received $4.50 for participating and the money was theirs no matter what happened after they arrived
test shock of 45 volts
If teacher desired to stop shocks them a set of statement would be delivered by experimenter like ‘you must continue’
When shocks reached 300 volts the learner pounded on the wall and after 315 they stopped responding.
bocchiaro section a
Self-selected sample of 149 Dutch University students (96 women, 53 men)
8 pilot tests to check the procedure was believable and ethical
Participants were asked to complete two personality tests
bocchiaro results
Comparison group prediction for obedience levels: 3.6% (17.7% others)
Real results obedience: 76.5%
Comparison group whistle blowing: 64.5%
Real results whistle blowing: 9.4%
pilliavin section a
4500 men and women who used the subway, about 45% black and 55% white
Field experiment
Four teams of researchers, two female observers and two males (one victim and one model), were students aged 26-35 and dressed alike
Run between 11 and 3pm
The models (all white, aged 24-29) had four conditions: critical area early ( helped after 70 seconds), critical area late ( helped after 150 seconds), adjacent area early ( helped after 70 seconds), adjacent area late (helped after 150 secs)
Victim stood near the pile in critical area and after around 70 seconds collapsed
Between 6 and 8 trials each day, using same victim condition
pilliavin results
The caned victim received help 95% of time
Drunk victim received help 50% of time
levine section a
From large cities in 23 countries
total number 1198, children, older people and those with physical disabilities excluded
Quasi experiment
All experiments were make and did not speak
Previous study testing the reliability of experimenter behaviour
The rate of helping for each country by averaging across 3 measures; economic wealth of the city, Cultural Values (collectivism/individualism and simpatico) Cognitive Factors; pace of life might influence helping behavior
levine results
Most likely to help was Rio de Janeiro with a helping rate of 93%
Least likely was Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia at 40%
milgram and bocc similarity
Both studies use self-selected sampling to obtain their participants.
Milgram’s study used a self-selected sample by gaining male 40 volunteers, of different educational and occupational backgrounds through a advert.
Bocchiaro obtained a self-selected sample of 149 Dutch students through a flyer in a University cafeteria and an advertisement in the local newspaper.
milgram and bocc difference
A difference between the studies is how ethical they are.
Milgram’s study was highly unethical. The research involved the participants as the ‘teacher’ shocking the ‘leaner’ if they said an incorrect answer. This caused immense distress of the participant, with 3 having seizures, many showing signs of and making comments of nervousness.
Bocchiaro’s study was more ethical, as it had 9 pilot studies, to verify the research’s moral acceptability and didn’t impose direct harm to participants.
bocc extend increases understanding of authority
It can be argued that Bocchiaro offered minimal change to our understanding of responses to people in authority from Milgram’s study.
This is because Bocchiaro found the same results as Milgram, with the study showing how people think that they are not that obedient predicting 3.6%, being ‘better than average’, while the actual results show they are with 76.5% obeying the authority.
Milgram’s research also showed findings that 65% were obedient, showing the same conclusion that people are highly obedient.
However, it could be argued that Bocchiaro’s research shows more representative findings than Milgram’s.
bocc extend increases understanding of diversity
It changes out understanding to a large extent as Bocchiaro’s research was conducted in the Neverlands, but found similarly to Milgram high levels of obedience, suggesting that cultural background may not be a influencing factor on obedience to authority.
As well as this, Bocchiaro used a sample of 96 female and 53 men, while Milgram only used 40 men, This means that because there was no significant different in results between the studies, it shows genders have little difference in obedience levels.
levine and pill similarity
Both studies were conducted in field settings whilst both using experiments.
Pilliavin conducted a field experiment on a New York subway, with a fake victim, who was either ill or drunk, falling over to see how many people would help in this everyday situation.
Levine conducted a quasi experiment in the streets of big cities of 23 counties, using 3 measures, a hurt leg, dropped pen, or blind man crossing the street.
lev and pill difference
A difference between the studies was the levels of ethnocentrism.
Pilliavin’s study was conducted on the New York subway, assumingly having mostly American participants and experimenters.
Levine conducted the study across big cities in 23 countries, all with different paces of life economic prosperity, populations and cultural values.
lev extend increases understanding of responses to people in need
Levine has changed our understanding of responses to people in need to a large extent. as he looked at the cross cultural differences in helping behaviour.
Levine found that there were differences in levels of helping when comparing different countries.
He found that those in Brazil showed a higher level of helping compared to countries such as Malaysia, with Rio de Janeiro having a helping average of 93% compared to Kuala Lumpur with 40%.
