Social and Personality in Infancy Flashcards
What are the 2 influential perspectives about social and personality development?
Psychoanalytical Perspectives (Freud and Erikson) and Ethological Perspectives
Explain Freud’s Oral Stage
Birth-2 years, emphasis on symbiotic relationship between mother and infant. Infants derive satisfaction from the mouth, and the weaning process needs no be neither frustrating or over-gratifying.
Oral fixation manifests in nail-biting and swearing.
Explain Erikson’s psychosocial stages
Importance of responding to the infants needs, the first 2 years are the trust and mistrust stage, where the infant learns to trust the world or become extremely cynical (Supported by Harlow’s Clothe mom’s perspective)
What is Attachment Theory?
The ability and need to form an attachment (emotional tie to a parent that gives an infant security) early in life are genetic characteristics of all human beings
John Bowlby, infants create ___________
of their relationships that become better established by
age 5 and affect behaviours in future relationships
Internal models (Child’s confidence about their caregiver’s availability, affection vs rejection, and assurance in their caregiver as a safe space)
What did the Romanian study in the 1990s say about children with histories of abuse?
They’re at risk for psychological, cognitive and motor problems with difficulties in social relationships and behaviours. However positive parent-adolescent can moderate risks, specifically with parent training
What are the 2 equally important parts of the Attachment theory equation?
The development of both the parent’s bond to the child and the child’s attachment to the parents
What is synchrony?
a mutual, interlocking pattern of attachment behaviours shared by a parent and child that long-term bonds develop from
Hoe does a child’s relationship with their mother compare to their father?
The father’s bond is as dependent on synchrony’s development as the mother, babies benefit from interactions with both parents. They interact differently, often less consistent than mother’s to responding to infant cues
What are Bowlby’s 4 phases in establishing attachment?
1)Non-focused Orienting and signaling
2) Focus on one or more figures
3) Secure base behaviour (Ainsworth)
4) Internal model
What are the 3 aspects of Attachment Behaviour?
–Stranger anxiety: discomfort, such as clinging to the mother, in the presence of strangers
–Separation anxiety: discomfort, such as crying, when separated from an attachment figure
-Social referencing: an infant’s use of others’ facial expressions as a guide to their own emotions
What are 3 types of Insecure Attachment?
Avoidant, Ambivalent, and Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
Explain the relationship between Attachment and Autism Spectrum Disorders
Despite their difficulties with synchrony, most infants with ASDs are securely attached to their caregivers
Define Personality and Temperament
Personality: a pattern of responding to people and objects in the environment
Temperament: inborn predispositions such as activity level that form the foundations of personality
What are Thomas and Chess’ three dominant temperament types?
Easy Child (most common), Difficult Child, Slow to Warm Up Child, Combinations of 2 or more
What are the 5 key dimensions of temperament?
- Activity level- a tendency to move often and vigorously
- Approach/positive emotionality- a tendency to move toward, rather than away, from new experiences
- Inhibition- the flip side of approach, a tendency
to respond with fear or withdrawal in new situations - Negative emotionality- the tendency to respond with anger, fussing, loudness, or irritability or a low threshold of frustrations
- Effortful control/task persistence- the ability to stay focused and to manage attention and effort
What are the Origins and Stability of Temperment?
Genetic/Epigenetic Factors, Neurological Processes, Interpersonal Milieu (niche picking and “goodness-of-fit”), and Long-term Stability
What are the 4 parts of Self Concept?
-The Subjective (Existential Self)
-The Objective (Categorical) Self
-The Emotional Self
-The Awareness of Intent of Others
More than ____ of children under 4 receive some form of non-parental care
half
What is the impact of Non-Parental care?
Daycares are most common, followed by nannies/relatives, and as long as the parents employment preference matches their decisions and the quality of care is the same, the results are the same. There are positive associations with daycares that are wealthier than the parents, but complex associations about daycare and future behaviours
How is insecure attachment amplified when matched with insecure mothering?
-The child averaging more than 10 hours per week in any type of nonparental care, regardless of quality
-Multiple child-care arrangements
-Exposure to low-quality daycare
