Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Question 1

What is Puberty?

Answer 1

A term that encompasses all the (seen and unseen) changes that are needed for reproductive maturity

Question 2

What is the Pituitary gland?

Answer 2

A gland that triggers other glands to release hormones (aka the master gland)

Question 3

What is Adrenarche?

Answer 3

When the pituitary gland signals child’s adrenal to increase production of androgen at around age 7 or 8

Question 4

What are the 2 sets of body changes triggered by hormones?

Answer 4

The development of sex organs (Primary Sex characteristics) and a broader set of development in the brain, bones, muscle, and other body organs

Question 5

What do Primary Sex Characteristics include?

Answer 5

Growth of the testes/penis, ovaries, uterus, and vagina

Question 6

What do Secondary Sex Characteristics include?

Answer 6

Breast development, changing voice pitch, beard growth, and growth of body hair

Question 7

What is Menarche?

Answer 7

The beginning of ones menstrual cycle

Question 8

Among Canadian girls, menarche occurs (on average) at around ____ years old

Answer 8

12.7

Question 9

A girl’s body fat must reach a critical value of __% before menarche can occur

Answer 9

17%

Question 10

What is the Secular Trend?

Answer 10

The decline in average age on menarche and the increase in average height for both children and adults that happened both between mid 18-19th in Western societies and when nutrition and health improve in other countries

Question 11

The peak of the growth spurt typically comes fairly ____, while the development of a beard and a deeper voice occur __________________

Answer 11

Late, near the end of the sequence

Question 12

Boys likely produce viable sperm between ____________, usually ______ they reach the peak of their growth spurt

Answer 12

12 and 14, before

Question 13

What determines the psychological effects of puberty?

Answer 13

Whether an adolescent’s expectation of puberty matches the reality

Question 14

Girls who develop earlier show ____ problems with academics/self-esteem, and ____ behavioural problems unless…

Answer 14

No, fewer. They associate with older teens that show antisocial behaviours

Question 15

Boys who develop earlier exhibit ____ prosocial behaviour and are ____ successful in adulthood

Answer 15

More, more

Question 16

How does grey matter develop at this stage?

Answer 16

An inverted “U” shape, where peak volumes are reached (in diff areas) at this age

Question 17

How does a teenager’s brain change?

Answer 17

It doesn’t grow in size, but it matures and specializes and the volume of white matter steadily increases

Question 18

What is one of the last parts of the brain to develop?

Answer 18

The frontal cortex

Question 19

Adolescents grow _ to __cm a year

Answer 19

5 to 13

Question 20

Girls attain most of their adult height by age ___ and boys grow until they are ________-years-old

Answer 20

16, 18 to 20

Question 21

What happens to a teenagers physical growth pattern at this time?

Answer 21

The cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns are reversed (hands and feet grow first and the trunk is the slowest to grow)

Question 22

Muscle fibers become _____ and _______

Answer 22

thicker, denser

Question 23

What happens to the proportion of fat and muscle in teenagers?

Answer 23

The proportion of fat rises among girls and falls among boys, the proportion of muscle rises is boys and declines in girls

Question 24

The heart and lungs ________ considerably in size, and the heart rate _____

Answer 24

increase, drops

Question 25

What are the Canadian 24-Hour Movement recommendations for 12-17 years old?

Answer 25

60 min per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity, Less than 2 hours of screen time

Question 26

How many people meet all/don't meet the Canadian 24-Hour Movement recommendations?

Answer 26

10% don't meet any, while only 5% meet all three

Question 27

Sex among teens younger than 15-years-old has declined by _______ since the mid-1990s and sits at ____, For 15 to 17-year-olds the rate is ____, and for 18 to 19-year-olds the rate is ____

Answer 27

one-third, ~9%, 30%, 68%

Question 28

Which gender is less likely to use a condom?

Answer 28

Women

Question 29

What are the 2 main non-permanent methods of birth control favoured by Canadian women?

Answer 29

Condoms and oral contraceptives

Question 30

Girls who are sexually active...

Answer 30

Experience earlier menarche, have low interest in school, date at an earlier age, and have a history of sexual abuse

Question 31

The greater the number of risk factors, the ________ the likelihood that he or she will be sexually active

Answer 31

greater

Question 32

What common factors reduce the likelihood of sexual activity?

Answer 32

Moral beliefs regarding premarital sex, Involvement in sports and other activities, Not using alcohol

Question 33

What is the most commonly reported infectious disease in Canada?

Answer 33

Chlamydia

Question 34

Since 2003 in Canada, the rates of new chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis infections have been on the ______ in youth aged 15 to 19

Answer 34

upswing

Question 35

Infection rates are highest among...

Answer 35

15-19 year old women

Question 36

Why don't women use condoms as much as men?

Answer 36

Fear of shame, embarrassment, and rejection

Question 37

What are the common predispositions to Teen Pregnancy?

Answer 37

Sexual activity at a young age, girls from poor, single-parent and uneducated families, and if the girl's mother also had an early pregnancy

Question 38

__% of teen identify as heterosexual, ___% are questioning, __% are strictly gay and lesbian, and __% identify as bisexual

Answer 38

96, 1.4, under 1, 3.5

Question 39

Despite the stereotype, teenagers...

Answer 39

are mostly well-adjusted

Question 40

What is sensation seeking and how does it relate to teenagers?

Answer 40

A desire to experience increased levels of arousal, teens have a heightened sense of it

Question 41

What makes teens so susceptible to risky behaviour?

Answer 41

They really want to be accepted by their peers, their brains are rapidly developing, and they lack maturity in their prefrontal cortex

Question 42

The use of substances generally ________ with age

Answer 42

increase

Question 43

What can predispose adolescents to start drinking?

Answer 43

Brain deviations, temperament, parenting style, home environments, wanting to be sociable, and coping with stress/pain

Question 44

How many Canadian women experience bulimia, and how many women die from anorexia induced starvation?

Answer 44

1-4% and 4-18%

Question 45

What is the most promising explanation for eating disorders?

Answer 45

Discrepancy between a person's internal image and their idea of a desirable body and the emphasis on thinness

Question 46

Most medical treatment for depression focus on...

Answer 46

suicidal behaviour

Question 47

What factors improve Indigenous suicide reduction?

Answer 47

Cultural continuity

Question 48

What is the Formal Operational stage?

Answer 48

4th Piaget stage, teens learn to reason logically about abstract concepts, use systematic problem solving, hypothetico-deductive reasoning and naive idealism

Question 49

What things distinguish adolescents from younger children?

Answer 49

Exaggerate other's reactions to their behaviour and base decisions on unrealistic ideas about the future

Question 50

What declines in a teen's transition to secondary school?

Answer 50

Achievement and self esteem

Question 51

Task goals vs Ability goals

Answer 51

T- Personal standards and desire to become competent A- define success in competitive terms

Question 52

WH\hat are the 4 stages of Marcia's theory on identity?

Answer 52

Identity acievement, Moratorium(Identity status in crisis), Foreclosure(Made a commintment without going through a crisis) and Identity Diffusion (No crisis and no commitment, extreme cases leads to BPD)