Social and personality

Question 1

What is Freud’s Genital stage?

Answer 1

• Genital stage: the period during which people reach psychosexual maturity
• Freud believes Post-pubertal years are the last stage of personality development

Question 2

What is Erikson’s psychosocial stage during adolescence?

Answer 2

• Identity versus role confusion

Question 3

What is the identity vs role confusion stage?

Answer 3

• part of eriksons psychosocial stage
• age 12-18
• stage during which adolescents attain a sense of who they are
• gain: fidelity
• includes identity crisis
• unified and consistent sense of self that integrates pubertal changes into a mature sexual identity, assumes adult social and occupational roles, and establishes personal values and attitudes

Question 4

what is identity crisis?

Answer 4

psychological state of emotional turmoil that arises when an adolescent’s sense of self becomes “unglued” so that a new, more mature sense of self can be achieved

Question 5

What is Marcias theory of identity achievement?

Answer 5

• Adolescent identity formation has two key parts: a crisis and a commitment
• four different identity statuses are possible

Question 6

What are the four different identity statuses?

Answer 6

• identity achievement
• moratorium
• foreclosure
• identity diffusion

Question 7

Define identity achievement

Answer 7

The person has been through a crisis and has reached a commitment to ideological, occupational, or other goals

Question 8

Define moratorium

Answer 8

• the identity status of a person who is in a crisis but who has made no commitment
• Trying different aspects of personality

Question 9

Define foreclosure

Answer 9

• the identity status of a person who has made a commitment without having gone through a crisis; the person has simply accepted a parentally or culturally defined commitment
• Commitment too early

Question 10

Define identity diffusion

Answer 10

• identity status of a person who is not in the midst of a crisis and who has made no commitment
• Does not care, no exploration or intention to

Question 11

What is related to identity formation?

Answer 11

cognitive development is related to identity formation, this process may occur later than Erikson and Marcia thought

Question 12

What is adultification?

Answer 12

the process by which a child or adolescent prematurely takes on adult roles and responsibilities

Question 13

What kind of individuals have greater risk for adultification?

Answer 13

Immigrant and Indigenous youth and youth who experience parental divorce, mental health problems, alcohol-substance abuse, and/or violence face a greater risk for adultification

Question 14

what are some self-concept developments in adolescence?

Answer 14

• self-understanding
• self-esteem
• gender roles
• ethnic identity
• cultural identity

Question 15

What is self-understanding?

Answer 15

• Self-definitions become more and more abstract

- teenagers think of themselves in terms of enduring traits, beliefs, personal philosophy, and moral standards

Question 16

How does an adolescent’ self-concept become more differentiated?

Answer 16

teenagers come to see themselves somewhat differently in each of several roles: as a student, with friends, with parents, and in romantic relationships

Question 17

What happens when self-concepts are formed?

Answer 17

they begin to influence adolescents’ behaviour, in positive and negative ways

Question 18

What are the influences on self-esteem?

Answer 18

• self
• relationships
• school
• lifestyle
• achievements
• experiences and events

Question 19

What is high self-esteem associated with?

Answer 19

• correlated with positive developmental outcomes (e.g., better able to resist peer pressure, achieve higher grades in school)

Question 20

What is low self-esteem associated with?

Answer 20

poorer mental and physical health, including antisocial behaviour, eating disorders, anxiety, depression, and suicidal thinking

Question 21

What is gender role identity?

Answer 21

gender-related aspects of the psychological self

Question 22

What is an androgynous individual?

Answer 22

see themselves as having both masculine and feminine traits

Question 23

What is an undifferentiated individual?

Answer 23

describe themselves as lacking both feminine and masculine traits

Question 24

Are androgynous and undifferentiated individuals associated with higher self esteem?

Answer 24

yes

Question 25

What is ethnic identity?

Answer 25

self-identification as a member of their specific group, commitment to that group and its values and attitudes, and some attitudes (positive or negative) about the group to which they belong

Question 26

What are the three multicultural identity configurations?

Answer 26

- A person identifies with only one cultural group - A person has multiple cultural identities that are separated into compartments within the self - A person cohesively connects and reconciles one’s multiple cultural identities within oneself)

Question 27

Who is Lawrence Kohlberg?

Answer 27

Kohlberg pioneered the practice of assessing moral reasoning by presenting a subject with a series of dilemmas in story form, each highlighting a specific moral issue, such as the value of human life

Question 28

What is Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning?

Answer 28

- three main levels of moral reasoning, with two sub-stages within each level - What determines the stage or level of a person's moral judgment is not the specific moral choice, but the form of reasoning used to justify that choice

Question 29

What is correlated to moral reasoning?

Answer 29

- Kohlbergs moral reasoning stages are correlated with age - Children usually reason in the first 2 stages - Stages 2 and 3 are commonly seen in adolescence - Among adults, stages 3 and 4 are the most common

Question 30

What are the three main levels of moral reasoning?

Answer 30

- preconventional reasoning - conventional reasoning - postconventional reasoning

Question 31

What is preconventional reasoning?

Answer 31

- Judgments are based on sources of authority — usually parents - Consequences determine the rightness or wrongness of an action - Stage 1 – punishment and obedience orientation - Stage 2 – individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

Question 32

what is conventional reasoning?

Answer 32

- Judgments are based on rules or norms of a group to which the individual belongs - Stage 3 – Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity (the good boy/nice girl stage), Do what is expected of them (to please others) - Stage 4 – Social system and conscience (law and order orientation)

Question 33

what is postconventional reasoning?

Answer 33

- Judgments are based on emergence of a personal authority (Own beliefs of what is wrong or right to do) - Stage 5 – Social contract orientation (How we should treat each other, Everyone has their own opinions, rights, values) - Stage 6 – The universal ethical principles orientation (Following their own guiding principles regardless of what laws are)

Question 34

what are some causes and consequences of moral development?

Answer 34

- Children must have a firm grasp of concrete operational thinking before they can develop or use conventional moral reasoning - Formal operations appear to be necessary for advancement to the postconventional level - The decline of egocentrism is the cognitive-developmental variable that matters most in moral reasoning - Role-taking: the ability to look at a situation from another person’s perspective

Question 35

What are the criticisms on Kohlberg's moral reasoning theory concerning culture?

Answer 35

- Non-Western cultures do not fit well with Kohlberg’s approach - Justice is an important moral concept around the world - Justice does not supersede all other moral considerations in non-Western cultures

Question 36

what is Nancy Eisenberg's criticism of Kohlberg's moral reasoning theory?

Answer 36

- Empathy – the ability to identify with others’ emotions is both a cause and consequence of moral development - There are age-related and individual differences in ability to regulate emotions that should be considered - Inability to control emotions triggers antisocial behaviours

Question 37

What is Carol Gilligan's criticism of Kohlberg's moral reasoning theory?

Answer 37

- An ethic based on caring is as important as ideas about justice - Notes that there are sex differences in moral reasoning - Thinks Kohlberg’s is more of a male perspective

Question 38

What are the criticisms on Kohlberg's moral reasoning theory concerning behaviour?

Answer 38

Theories do not predict the differences between moral reasoning and moral behaviour

Question 39

Why are youth who commit offences behind their peers in moral reasoning?

Answer 39

because of deficits in role-taking skills

Question 40

What is criminality?

Answer 40

antisocial behaviour that includes law-breaking

Question 41

What is a teenager's sense of well-being or happiness more correlated to? family or peer relationships?

Answer 41

family, quality of their attachment to their parents

Question 42

Does an increase in conflict in families mean there is a major disruption in the quality of the parent-child relationship?

Answer 42

no

Question 43

What are some important elements in friendships of adolescence?

Answer 43

- popularity and peer acceptance are important in selecting friends (12-15 yo) - loyalty and faithfulness are more valued characteristics

Question 44

What are peer groups like in adolescence?

Answer 44

- If discrepancy between their own ideas and their friends becomes too great, teens are likely to switch to a more compatible group of friends - When explicit peer pressure is exerted, it is likely to be pressure toward positive activities

Question 45

What is a clique?

Answer 45

four to six young people who appear to be strongly attached to one another

Question 46

What is a crowd?

Answer 46

a combination of cliques, which includes both males and females