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PSYC: Adolescence > Social and personality > Flashcards

Social and personality Flashcards

1
Q

What is Freud’s Genital stage?

A
  • Genital stage: the period during which people reach psychosexual maturity
  • Freud believes Post-pubertal years are the last stage of personality development
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2
Q

What is Erikson’s psychosocial stage during adolescence?

A
  • Identity versus role confusion
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3
Q

What is the identity vs role confusion stage?

A
  • part of eriksons psychosocial stage
  • age 12-18
  • stage during which adolescents attain a sense of who they are
  • gain: fidelity
  • includes identity crisis
  • unified and consistent sense of self that integrates pubertal changes into a mature sexual identity, assumes adult social and occupational roles, and establishes personal values and attitudes
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4
Q

what is identity crisis?

A

psychological state of emotional turmoil that arises when an adolescent’s sense of self becomes “unglued” so that a new, more mature sense of self can be achieved

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5
Q

What is Marcias theory of identity achievement?

A
  • Adolescent identity formation has two key parts: a crisis and a commitment
  • four different identity statuses are possible
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6
Q

What are the four different identity statuses?

A
  • identity achievement
  • moratorium
  • foreclosure
  • identity diffusion
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7
Q

Define identity achievement

A

The person has been through a crisis and has reached a commitment to ideological, occupational, or other goals

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8
Q

Define moratorium

A
  • the identity status of a person who is in a crisis but who has made no commitment
  • Trying different aspects of personality
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9
Q

Define foreclosure

A
  • the identity status of a person who has made a commitment without having gone through a crisis; the person has simply accepted a parentally or culturally defined commitment
  • Commitment too early
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10
Q

Define identity diffusion

A
  • identity status of a person who is not in the midst of a crisis and who has made no commitment
  • Does not care, no exploration or intention to
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11
Q

What is related to identity formation?

A

cognitive development is related to identity formation, this process may occur later than Erikson and Marcia thought

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12
Q

What is adultification?

A

the process by which a child or adolescent prematurely takes on adult roles and responsibilities

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13
Q

What kind of individuals have greater risk for adultification?

A

Immigrant and Indigenous youth and youth who experience parental divorce, mental health problems, alcohol-substance abuse, and/or violence face a greater risk for adultification

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14
Q

what are some self-concept developments in adolescence?

A
  • self-understanding
  • self-esteem
  • gender roles
  • ethnic identity
  • cultural identity
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15
Q

What is self-understanding?

A
  • Self-definitions become more and more abstract

- teenagers think of themselves in terms of enduring traits, beliefs, personal philosophy, and moral standards

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16
Q

How does an adolescent’ self-concept become more differentiated?

A

teenagers come to see themselves somewhat differently in each of several roles: as a student, with friends, with parents, and in romantic relationships

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17
Q

What happens when self-concepts are formed?

A

they begin to influence adolescents’ behaviour, in positive and negative ways

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18
Q

What are the influences on self-esteem?

A
  • self
  • relationships
  • school
  • lifestyle
  • achievements
  • experiences and events
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19
Q

What is high self-esteem associated with?

A
  • correlated with positive developmental outcomes (e.g., better able to resist peer pressure, achieve higher grades in school)
20
Q

What is low self-esteem associated with?

A

poorer mental and physical health, including antisocial behaviour, eating disorders, anxiety, depression, and suicidal thinking

21
Q

What is gender role identity?

A

gender-related aspects of the psychological self

22
Q

What is an androgynous individual?

A

see themselves as having both masculine and feminine traits

23
Q

What is an undifferentiated individual?

A

describe themselves as lacking both feminine and masculine traits

24
Q

Are androgynous and undifferentiated individuals associated with higher self esteem?

A

yes

25
Q

What is ethnic identity?

A

self-identification as a member of their specific group, commitment to that group and its values and attitudes, and some attitudes (positive or negative) about the group to which they belong

26
Q

What are the three multicultural identity configurations?

A
  • A person identifies with only one cultural group
  • A person has multiple cultural identities that are separated into compartments within the self
  • A person cohesively connects and reconciles one’s multiple cultural identities within oneself)
27
Q

Who is Lawrence Kohlberg?

A

Kohlberg pioneered the practice of assessing moral reasoning by presenting a subject with a series of dilemmas in story form, each highlighting a specific moral issue, such as the value of human life

28
Q

What is Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning?

A
  • three main levels of moral reasoning, with two sub-stages within each level
  • What determines the stage or level of a person’s moral judgment is not the specific moral choice, but the form of reasoning used to justify that choice
29
Q

What is correlated to moral reasoning?

A
  • Kohlbergs moral reasoning stages are correlated with age
  • Children usually reason in the first 2 stages
  • Stages 2 and 3 are commonly seen in adolescence
  • Among adults, stages 3 and 4 are the most common
30
Q

What are the three main levels of moral reasoning?

A
  • preconventional reasoning
  • conventional reasoning
  • postconventional reasoning
31
Q

What is preconventional reasoning?

A
  • Judgments are based on sources of authority — usually parents
  • Consequences determine the rightness or wrongness of an action
  • Stage 1 – punishment and obedience orientation
  • Stage 2 – individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
32
Q

what is conventional reasoning?

A
  • Judgments are based on rules or norms of a group to which the individual belongs
  • Stage 3 – Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity (the good boy/nice girl stage), Do what is expected of them (to please others)
  • Stage 4 – Social system and conscience (law and order orientation)
33
Q

what is postconventional reasoning?

A
  • Judgments are based on emergence of a personal authority (Own beliefs of what is wrong or right to do)
  • Stage 5 – Social contract orientation (How we should treat each other, Everyone has their own opinions, rights, values)
  • Stage 6 – The universal ethical principles orientation (Following their own guiding principles regardless of what laws are)
34
Q

what are some causes and consequences of moral development?

A
  • Children must have a firm grasp of concrete operational thinking before they can develop or use conventional moral reasoning
  • Formal operations appear to be necessary for advancement to the postconventional level
  • The decline of egocentrism is the cognitive-developmental variable that matters most in moral reasoning
  • Role-taking: the ability to look at a situation from another person’s perspective
35
Q

What are the criticisms on Kohlberg’s moral reasoning theory concerning culture?

A
  • Non-Western cultures do not fit well with Kohlberg’s approach
  • Justice is an important moral concept around the world
  • Justice does not supersede all other moral considerations in non-Western cultures
36
Q

what is Nancy Eisenberg’s criticism of Kohlberg’s moral reasoning theory?

A
  • Empathy – the ability to identify with others’ emotions is both a cause and consequence of moral development
  • There are age-related and individual differences in ability to regulate emotions that should be considered
  • Inability to control emotions triggers antisocial behaviours
37
Q

What is Carol Gilligan’s criticism of Kohlberg’s moral reasoning theory?

A
  • An ethic based on caring is as important as ideas about justice
  • Notes that there are sex differences in moral reasoning
  • Thinks Kohlberg’s is more of a male perspective
38
Q

What are the criticisms on Kohlberg’s moral reasoning theory concerning behaviour?

A

Theories do not predict the differences between moral reasoning and moral behaviour

39
Q

Why are youth who commit offences behind their peers in moral reasoning?

A

because of deficits in role-taking skills

40
Q

What is criminality?

A

antisocial behaviour that includes law-breaking

41
Q

What is a teenager’s sense of well-being or happiness more correlated to? family or peer relationships?

A

family, quality of their attachment to their parents

42
Q

Does an increase in conflict in families mean there is a major disruption in the quality of the parent-child relationship?

A

no

43
Q

What are some important elements in friendships of adolescence?

A
  • popularity and peer acceptance are important in selecting friends (12-15 yo)
  • loyalty and faithfulness are more valued characteristics
44
Q

What are peer groups like in adolescence?

A
  • If discrepancy between their own ideas and their friends becomes too great, teens are likely to switch to a more compatible group of friends
  • When explicit peer pressure is exerted, it is likely to be pressure toward positive activities
45
Q

What is a clique?

A

four to six young people who appear to be strongly attached to one another

46
Q

What is a crowd?

A

a combination of cliques, which includes both males and females

PSYC: Adolescence (2 decks)

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