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PSYC: Adolescence > Physical and Cognitive > Flashcards

Physical and Cognitive Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary sex characteristics for male and females?

A
  • male: growth of the testes and penis

- female: ovaries, uterus, and vagina

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2
Q

What are the secondary sex characteristics for male and females?

A

male: changing voice pitch, bread growth, growth of body hair
female: breast development, growth of body hair

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3
Q

What are the five stages of sexual maturity?

A
  • stage 1 is the preadolescent stage
  • stage 2 includes the first signs of pubertal change
  • stages 3 and 4 are the intermediate steps
  • stage 5 encompasses the final development of adult characteristics
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4
Q

What is menarche?

A

beginning of menstrual cycles

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5
Q

What age does menarche usually occur?

A

age 12.7

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6
Q

Why there a decline in average age of menarche?

A

along with changes such as an increase in average height for both children and adults, that happened between the mid-18th and mid-19th centuries in Western countries and occurs in developing nations when nutrition and health improve

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7
Q

What is sexual development like for boys?

A
  • peak of the growth spurt typically comes fairly late in the sequence of physical development
  • development of a beard and the lowering of the voice occur near the end of the sequence
  • begin to produce viable sperm some time between ages 12 and 14, usually before they have reached the peak of the growth spurt
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8
Q

What happens to girls that physically develop earlier?

A
  • have no more problems with self-esteem/academics, and fewer behavioural problems than their later-developing peers
  • They may associate with older teens who show antisocial behaviours, and have problems later on
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9
Q

What happens to boys that physically develop earlier?

A

more positive their body image, the better they do in school, the less trouble they get into, and the more friends they have

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10
Q

What is Piaget’s formal operational stage?

A
  • fourth of Piaget’s stages, during which adolescents learn to reason logically about abstract concepts
  • ages 11 and older
  • includes systemic problem solving, hypothetico-deductive reasoning, and naive idealism
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11
Q

what is systemic problem solving?

A

ability to search methodically for the answers to a problem

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12
Q

What is hypothetico-deductive reasoning?

A

ability to derive conclusions from hypothetical premises

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13
Q

What is naive idealism?

A

a mental construct of an ideal world as compared to the real world

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14
Q

What are two characteristics that separate adolescents from younger children?

A
  • Tendency to exaggerate others’ reactions to one’s own behaviour
  • Tendency to base decisions on unrealistic ideas about the future
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15
Q

What is formal operational reasoning?

A

characterized by the ability to formulate hypotheses and systematically test them to arrive at an answer to a problem

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16
Q

What does formal operational reasoning help teens do?

A

enables teens to better understand figurative language (metaphors)

  • rates of formal operational thinking increase with education
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17
Q

What happens to metacognitive and metamemory skills in adolescents?

A
  • by age 14-15 these skills far exceed younger children
  • metacognitive abilities enable teenagers to benefit more from training than young children do
  • ability to summarize written text improves gradually, but dramatically during the second half of adolescence
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18
Q

What are characteristics of boys who begin sexual activity early?

A
  • Live in poor neighbourhoods with low parental monitoring
  • Come from poor families
  • Have families who condone sexual activity
  • Have lax dating rules
  • Are more likely to use alcohol
  • Were abused or neglected in childhood
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19
Q

What are characteristics of girls who begin sexual activity early?

A
  • Experienced earlier menarche
  • Have low interest in school
  • Dated at an early age
  • Have a history of sexual abuse
20
Q

What are influences of sexual behaviour?

A
  • The greater the number of risk factors, the greater the likelihood that he or she will be sexually active
  • Adolescents’ moral beliefs predict sexual activity
  • Sexual activity is lower in those who are involved in sports and other activities
  • Alcohol is a major contributor to adolescent sex
21
Q

Who has a higher rate of infections, men or women?

A

Infection rates are among the highest in 15- to 19-year-old females, who have an infection rate of ~18 cases per 1000, more than four times higher than the incidence found in their male peers

22
Q

What is the influence of sexual education?

A
  • No scientific research has shown that abstinence-only sex education programs significantly increase the delay of first intercourse or reduce the prevalence of sexual behaviour in teens
  • making condoms available doe snot increase rate of sexual activity but does increase use of condoms by teens
  • teens believe that sex education that provides explicit information on topics such as reproduction, birth control, STI/AIDS prevention, relationships, sexual orientation, sexual abuse, and societal beliefs about sexual morals is vitally important and should be provided in our schools
23
Q

What is the influence on children that are born from teenage mothers?

A

Children born to teenage mothers tend to achieve developmental milestones more slowly than infants of older mothers

24
Q

Teen pregnancy occurs more often:

A
  • If sexual activity started at an early age
  • In girls from poor, single-parent, and uneducated families
  • If the girl’s mother had an early pregnancy
25
Q

What kinds of families have most pregnancies before age 20?

A

teenaged girls who are from poor families, single-parent families, or families with relatively uneducated parents, or whose mothers gave birth to them before age 20, pregnancy rates are higher.

26
Q

What are some reasons why teenager wants to use alcohol or drugs?

A
  • Enjoyable activity, a part of being sociable
  • Way to cope with stress or emotional pain
  • Heightened levels of sensation-seeking, which interacts with parenting style
  • Home environments
27
Q

what is average age of first time drug use?

A

13-14

28
Q

What is a consequence of alcohol use for adolescents?

A

16- to 19-year-old youth have the third highest rate of impaired driving charges of any age group in Canada

29
Q

What is a significant mental health problem during adolescence?

A

Eating disorders are among the most significant mental health problems during adolescence

30
Q

What is Bulimia?

A

an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and purging

  • Between 1 and 4% of Canadian adolescent girls and young adult women may experience the full syndrome of bulimia
31
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A

an eating disorder characterized by self-starvation

  • 4 to 18% die of starvation; others die of complications
32
Q

What are the risk factors for developing an eating disorder?

A
  • discrepancy between the person’s internal image of a desirable body and her (or his) perception of her (or his) own body
  • Emphasis on thinness as a characteristic of attractive women
  • general tendency toward distorted thinking
33
Q

Is completed suicide higher for males or females? why?

A
  • Completed suicide is about 3½ times higher for adolescent boys than girls in Canada
  • Girls use methods that are less likely to succeed, such as self-poisoning (have more suicide attempts)
34
Q

T or F: Suicide is the second leading cause of death for Canadian young people aged 15-19

A

true

35
Q

What kind of medication is for depression and suicide?

A
  • medical treatment more focused on treatment of depression associated with suicidal behaviour
  • Antidepression drugs (SSRIs/SNRIs - selective serotonin [and noradrenalin] reuptake inhibitors) were used in children and teens until recent studies linked them with increased suicidal ideation, attempts and risk of suicide and hostile aggression in these young populations
36
Q

What is the first nations youth suicide crisis?

A
  • suicide rate for First Nation and Inuit peoples in Canada is 6 and 11 times higher, respectively, than for non-Aboriginal people
  • Suicide and self-inflicted injury is the leading cause of death (38%) for Aboriginal children 10 to 19 years of age
37
Q

What can reduce amount of suicides in First Nations youth?

A

factors that promote cultural continuity

38
Q

What are task goals?

A
  • based on personal standards and a desire to become more competent
  • Associated with greater sense of personal control and positive attitudes about school
39
Q

What are ability goals?

A
  • define success in competitive terms

Students may adopt relative standards – good means beating someone else

40
Q

When does task and ability goals occur?

A

Most 5th graders have task goals, but by 6th grade most have switched to ability goals

41
Q

What are the gender differences in achievement?

A
  • Girls perform better than boys in reading skills
  • Boys outperform girls in math skills
  • No differences are seen in science scores
42
Q

What are the outcomes associated with acheivement?

A
  • Higher achievers were more satisfied with school and had better relationships with both schoolmates and parents
  • Lower achievers were moderately associated with high-risk behaviours such as smoking, drinking, and using marijuana
43
Q

What is skipping class associated with?

A
  • Involvement in high risk behaviours
  • Lower levels of academic achievement
  • Strained relationship with parents
44
Q

Achievement is associated with:

A
  • Parents who have high aspirations for them

- An authoritative parenting style

45
Q

what is leaving school early associated with?

A
  • Low-S E S (socioeconomic status) families (especially with a single parent)
  • Lack of psychological support for academic achievement
  • Peer influence
  • Less involvement in clubs, sports, etc.
46
Q

How many hours working a week can be detrimental to grades and stress levels?

A
  • Working more than 15-20 hours per week is detrimental to high school students’ grades and increases personal stress
47
Q

What are the benefits of positive work experiences?

A

increased feelings of competence and efficacy

PSYC: Adolescence (2 decks)

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