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personality and individual differences > social and interpersonal relationships > Flashcards

social and interpersonal relationships Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 aspects of social relationships?

A
  • social anxiety
  • shyness
  • embarrassment
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2
Q

how has social anxiety disorders helped psychologists?

A

social anxiety disorder has helped psychologists understand the impact of shyness and embarrassment on everyday functioning

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3
Q

what is social anxiety disorder:

A

when symptoms interfere with ones everyday tasks or ambitions
- fear of social interactions => skipping lectures

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4
Q

what can attempts of social interactions lead to?

A

physical symptoms or a panic attack

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5
Q

state- social anxiety, shyness and embarrassment may share symptoms with social anxiety disorder but to a lesser degree

A

symptoms typically do not interfere with ones functioning

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6
Q

what percent of people will suffer with a social anxiety disorder in their life?

A

at some point in their life 16% of people will suffer with a social anxiety disorder

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7
Q

what are the 3 parts of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)?

A
  • cognitive
  • physical
  • behavioural
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8
Q

cognitive

A

significant and persistent fear of social situations in which embarrassment or rejection may occur

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9
Q

physical

A

immediate anxiety driven, physical reactions to feared social situations

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10
Q

behavioural

A

individuals realise that their fears are greatly exaggerated, but feel powerless to do anything about them. avoid the dreaded social situations at any cost

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11
Q

state- generalized social anxiety disorder, non generalized (performance) social anxiety disorder, avoidant personality disorder

A
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12
Q

what is shyness?

A

discomfort and/or inhibition in interpersonal situations

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13
Q

what is shyness associated with?

A
  • self consciousness
  • seeing oneself as awkward, unfriendly, incompetent
  • feeling less physically attractive
  • negative memory bias
  • low effectiveness dealing with stress
  • loneliness and social isolation
  • alcohol abuse to relax
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14
Q

state- some people are comfortable and accept their shyness, others do not

A
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15
Q

dispositional/ trait shyness

A

persistent tendancy to experience shyness, or lower threshold for experiences state shyness
- personality trait
- level of state shyness may differ across situations

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16
Q

situational/ state shyness

A

immediate emotional and cognitive experience
- anyone can experience state shyness in various situations

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17
Q

shyness vs introversion

A

motivation for solitary activities differ (fear vs preference)

18
Q

shyness vs extraversion

A

individuals may be privately shy and publicly outgoing, these shy extraverts likely use social skills to participate in familiar situations while not disclosing their true self out of shyness

19
Q

sociability

A

just because one is shy, it does not mean they are not sociable, socialability does not help with dealing with social situations

20
Q

what is behavioural inhibition?

A
  • detectable form an early age
  • not shyness such as, but inhibition in many social situations: being among unfamiliar adults, hesitancy to make conversations, hovering at the edge of social gatherings (indicators of shyness)
21
Q

what is behavioural inhibition linked with?

A

linked with fight or flight response, greater sensitivity to stressors (flight response)
- but links between behavioural inhibition in early age and shyness in adolescence/adulthood are weak, suggesting that social environment and experiences likely play a role

22
Q

shyness in development:

A

preoccupation with evaluation from others develops later in life

23
Q

fearful shyness

A
  • early in life, may be linked with behavioural inhibition
  • may not lead to shyness in adulthood
24
Q

self-conscious shyness

A
  • assumed to be dependant on “theory of mind” (ability to reflect on ones behaviour)
25
Q

state- there is very little research in this area that would validate these two forms of shyness and explain any relationships between them

A
26
Q

state shyness

A

an individual finds themselves in an uncertain situation under the attention of others + individual predisposition to feel shy (trait shyness)

27
Q

shyness and culture

A
  • stanford shyness inventory (henderson and zimbardo, 1998; zimbardo, 1997)
    -shyness between 31% (Israel) and 57% (japan) of samples
  • cultural difference may be explained by how each culture attributes success and failure
  • japan: credit for success attributed externally/failure attributed internally
  • israel: credit for sucess attributed to self/failure attributed externally
28
Q

shyness and online behaviour

A
  • clark et al. (2018) the impact of social media use on well-being depends on whether the use promotes social connection
29
Q

embarrassment

A

-self conscious feeling when one realizes they have made something bellow their standard, particularly when we care about others opinions/try to impress

30
Q

sources of embarrassment may be various

A

what we do, what other people we know do

31
Q

physiological reactions similar to shyness

A

embarrassment was long considered as part of shyness/social anxiety

32
Q

what are the 4 conceptualizations of embarrassment?

A
  • dramaturgic model (as a general reaction to poor public performance)
  • social evaluation model (as a result to poor public performance but only if we care about who saw it)
  • situational self esteem (as a reaction to loss of self-esteem)
  • personal standards model (as a reaction to a failure to meets ones own standards- does not depend on others)
33
Q

embarrassment measures and personality

A

ugyhhhhhhhhhh cba fam

34
Q

state- individuals use social media in different ways

A
35
Q

social media use

A

liu and campbell (2017): how much of social media behaviour can be explained by personality?
- status updates (+openess, +neuroticism)
- posting pics (+opnesness, +extraversion, +agreeableness)
- gaming (+openess, -agreableness, -conscientiousness)
- interaction (+extraversion)
- information seeking (+openess, -conscientiousness)
- total number of friends (+extraversion)

36
Q

five-factor model:

A

personality explained 10-15% behavior, mainly extraversion and openness to experience

37
Q

what can digital media footprint reveal?

A
  • interests
  • social networks
  • location and movement
  • personal details
38
Q

time spent on digital media and well being

A

twenge (2019) the relationship between digital-media (including social media) use and well being is not linear

  • graph shows that the more hours spent on social media relate to higher levels of anxiety and depression
39
Q

how can more digital media use cause low well-being?

A
  • abstaining from social media for one week may lead to increased happiness and decreased depressive symptoms (Tromholt, 2016)
  • limiting social media to 30 mins may lead to feeling less lonely and less depressed after one week (Hunt et al., 2018)
  • interference with sleep quality and duration of sleep
  • increasing social comparison may be detrimental for well being
40
Q

behaviours promoting social connection?

A
  • online social connection with others, self- disclosure, relational closeness, active use
  • help fulfil needs for acceptance and belonging, increase intimacy, increase felt connection and perceived social support and social capital
41
Q

behaviours non promoting social connection:

A
  • online social connection as a compensation for insufficient social networks, isolation, passive views of profiles, social comparison
  • do not fulfil needs for acceptance and belonging
42
Q

online dating

A
  • Freyth and Natinic (2021): dating app use and Bright/Dark personality traits
  • “Bright” personality traits: big five (+neuroticism  +everyday use)
  • “Dark” personality traits (Dark Triad)
  • Narcissism +engaging with online dating
  • Machiavellianism  +use of online dating
  • Psychopathy (lacking empathy for others)
  • “Dark” personality traits were stronger predictors of online dating behaviour

personality and individual differences (4 decks)

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