social and interpersonal relationships

Question 1

what are the 3 aspects of social relationships?

Answer 1

• social anxiety
• shyness
• embarrassment

Question 2

how has social anxiety disorders helped psychologists?

Answer 2

social anxiety disorder has helped psychologists understand the impact of shyness and embarrassment on everyday functioning

Question 3

what is social anxiety disorder:

Answer 3

when symptoms interfere with ones everyday tasks or ambitions
- fear of social interactions => skipping lectures

Question 4

what can attempts of social interactions lead to?

Answer 4

physical symptoms or a panic attack

Question 5

state- social anxiety, shyness and embarrassment may share symptoms with social anxiety disorder but to a lesser degree

Answer 5

symptoms typically do not interfere with ones functioning

Question 6

what percent of people will suffer with a social anxiety disorder in their life?

Answer 6

at some point in their life 16% of people will suffer with a social anxiety disorder

Question 7

what are the 3 parts of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)?

Answer 7

• cognitive
• physical
• behavioural

Question 8

cognitive

Answer 8

significant and persistent fear of social situations in which embarrassment or rejection may occur

Question 9

physical

Answer 9

immediate anxiety driven, physical reactions to feared social situations

Question 10

behavioural

Answer 10

individuals realise that their fears are greatly exaggerated, but feel powerless to do anything about them. avoid the dreaded social situations at any cost

Question 11

state- generalized social anxiety disorder, non generalized (performance) social anxiety disorder, avoidant personality disorder

Question 12

what is shyness?

Answer 12

discomfort and/or inhibition in interpersonal situations

Question 13

what is shyness associated with?

Answer 13

• self consciousness
• seeing oneself as awkward, unfriendly, incompetent
• feeling less physically attractive
• negative memory bias
• low effectiveness dealing with stress
• loneliness and social isolation
• alcohol abuse to relax

Question 14

state- some people are comfortable and accept their shyness, others do not

Question 15

dispositional/ trait shyness

Answer 15

persistent tendancy to experience shyness, or lower threshold for experiences state shyness
- personality trait
- level of state shyness may differ across situations

Question 16

situational/ state shyness

Answer 16

immediate emotional and cognitive experience
- anyone can experience state shyness in various situations

Question 17

shyness vs introversion

Answer 17

motivation for solitary activities differ (fear vs preference)

Question 18

shyness vs extraversion

Answer 18

individuals may be privately shy and publicly outgoing, these shy extraverts likely use social skills to participate in familiar situations while not disclosing their true self out of shyness

Question 19

sociability

Answer 19

just because one is shy, it does not mean they are not sociable, socialability does not help with dealing with social situations

Question 20

what is behavioural inhibition?

Answer 20

• detectable form an early age
• not shyness such as, but inhibition in many social situations: being among unfamiliar adults, hesitancy to make conversations, hovering at the edge of social gatherings (indicators of shyness)

Question 21

what is behavioural inhibition linked with?

Answer 21

linked with fight or flight response, greater sensitivity to stressors (flight response)
- but links between behavioural inhibition in early age and shyness in adolescence/adulthood are weak, suggesting that social environment and experiences likely play a role

Question 22

shyness in development:

Answer 22

preoccupation with evaluation from others develops later in life

Question 23

fearful shyness

Answer 23

• early in life, may be linked with behavioural inhibition
• may not lead to shyness in adulthood

Question 24

self-conscious shyness

Answer 24

• assumed to be dependant on “theory of mind” (ability to reflect on ones behaviour)

Question 25

state- there is very little research in this area that would validate these two forms of shyness and explain any relationships between them

Question 26

state shyness

Answer 26

an individual finds themselves in an uncertain situation under the attention of others + individual predisposition to feel shy (trait shyness)

Question 27

shyness and culture

Answer 27

- stanford shyness inventory (henderson and zimbardo, 1998; zimbardo, 1997) -shyness between 31% (Israel) and 57% (japan) of samples - cultural difference may be explained by how each culture attributes success and failure - japan: credit for success attributed externally/failure attributed internally - israel: credit for sucess attributed to self/failure attributed externally

Question 28

shyness and online behaviour

Answer 28

- clark et al. (2018) the impact of social media use on well-being depends on whether the use promotes social connection

Question 29

embarrassment

Answer 29

-self conscious feeling when one realizes they have made something bellow their standard, particularly when we care about others opinions/try to impress

Question 30

sources of embarrassment may be various

Answer 30

what we do, what other people we know do

Question 31

physiological reactions similar to shyness

Answer 31

embarrassment was long considered as part of shyness/social anxiety

Question 32

what are the 4 conceptualizations of embarrassment?

Answer 32

- dramaturgic model (as a general reaction to poor public performance) - social evaluation model (as a result to poor public performance but only if we care about who saw it) - situational self esteem (as a reaction to loss of self-esteem) - personal standards model (as a reaction to a failure to meets ones own standards- does not depend on others)

Question 33

embarrassment measures and personality

Answer 33

ugyhhhhhhhhhh cba fam

Question 34

state- individuals use social media in different ways

Question 35

social media use

Answer 35

liu and campbell (2017): how much of social media behaviour can be explained by personality? - status updates (+openess, +neuroticism) - posting pics (+opnesness, +extraversion, +agreeableness) - gaming (+openess, -agreableness, -conscientiousness) - interaction (+extraversion) - information seeking (+openess, -conscientiousness) - total number of friends (+extraversion)

Question 36

five-factor model:

Answer 36

personality explained 10-15% behavior, mainly extraversion and openness to experience

Question 37

what can digital media footprint reveal?

Answer 37

- interests - social networks - location and movement - personal details

Question 38

time spent on digital media and well being

Answer 38

twenge (2019) the relationship between digital-media (including social media) use and well being is not linear - graph shows that the more hours spent on social media relate to higher levels of anxiety and depression

Question 39

how can more digital media use cause low well-being?

Answer 39

- abstaining from social media for one week may lead to increased happiness and decreased depressive symptoms (Tromholt, 2016) - limiting social media to 30 mins may lead to feeling less lonely and less depressed after one week (Hunt et al., 2018) - interference with sleep quality and duration of sleep - increasing social comparison may be detrimental for well being

Question 40

behaviours promoting social connection?

Answer 40

- online social connection with others, self- disclosure, relational closeness, active use - help fulfil needs for acceptance and belonging, increase intimacy, increase felt connection and perceived social support and social capital

Question 41

behaviours non promoting social connection:

Answer 41

- online social connection as a compensation for insufficient social networks, isolation, passive views of profiles, social comparison - do not fulfil needs for acceptance and belonging

Question 42

online dating

Answer 42

- Freyth and Natinic (2021): dating app use and Bright/Dark personality traits * “Bright” personality traits: big five (+neuroticism  +everyday use) * “Dark” personality traits (Dark Triad) * Narcissism +engaging with online dating * Machiavellianism  +use of online dating * Psychopathy (lacking empathy for others) * “Dark” personality traits were stronger predictors of online dating behaviour