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Sports Studies unit 4 > social and cultural influences > Flashcards

social and cultural influences Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the main considerations for the location of sports facilities?

A
  • expected use and demand (where facilities are high in demand)
  • cost- space is a premium in urban areas
  • transport- road structure, public transport, car parking
  • accessibility- the facility need by the community, planning permission issues
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2
Q

what is the role of private sector sports providers?

A
  • make profit
  • funded facilities set up by private companies
  • often members-only clubs
  • members pay fees to join and use facilities
  • likely to be more expensive
  • include sports/fitness clubs, gold and tennis clubs
  • some schools pay to use private sports clubs
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3
Q

what is the role of local authority sports providers (public sector)?

A
  • promote sport
  • funded facilities paid for by national and local govt. out of taxes and national lottery funding
  • usually owned by LA but not always run by them
  • available to everyone, relatively cheap
  • include sports/leisure centres, swimming pools and outdoor pitches
  • some schools share facilities with LA
  • LA encourage participation in sports by employing sport development teams including school sports coordinators who arrange events, assist with coaching and develop links with clubs in the area of schools
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4
Q

what is the role of schools in supporting participation?

A
  • teach PE within the national curriculum
  • exam courses: GCSE, A-level, D of E etc.
  • nomination for representative honour
  • facilities
  • extra-curricular activities
  • attitude of staff (role models)
  • links with sports clubs
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5
Q

what are the reasons for not participating in physical recreation?

A 
human reasons:
- medical condition
- psychological reasons
- lack of interest
- lack of knowledge
Socio-economic reasons:
- family commitments
- time commitments
- transport cost
- equipment cost
- admission cost
- lack of available facilities
- institutional barriers/religion
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6
Q

what are the reasons for participation in physical recreation?

A 
health reasons:
- improve body shape
- look good
- feel good
- medical reason
- coping with stress
Enjoyment:
- aesthetic
- physical challenge
- achievement
- competition
- co-operation
- friendship
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7
Q

what is outdoor recreation?

A

activity associated with challenge in the natural environment

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8
Q

what is physical recreation?

A

playing for intrinsic rather than extrinsic rewards

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9
Q

what is the definition of recreation?

A

something you do in your leisure time because you want to

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10
Q

what determines the growth of leisure activities?

A
  • advances in technology
  • people working shorter days
  • having longer holidays
  • more unemployed
  • improvements in health care (live longer)
  • growth of facilities
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11
Q

what factors determine what people do during their leisure time?

A
  • age
  • interests
  • social circumstances
  • facilities available (where they live)
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12
Q

what are the disadvantages of hosting global events?

A
  • target for terrorism (bad reputation)
  • high cost (debt)
  • social unrest- political conflict
  • invest in world class facilities
  • not specialist in a sport- reduce standard of game/athletes
  • home crowd (pressure to perform)
  • potential for racism
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13
Q

what are the benefits of hosting global events?

A
  • tourism boost economy
  • home advantage (confidence)
  • sense of community
  • regenerate rural areas
  • employment
  • attention- shows national prestige
  • mass participation
  • local business and transport gain
  • govt. invest in facilities to improve standards
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14
Q

what is the definition of sponsorship?

A

the support for a sport, sports event, sports organisation or competitor by an outside body or person for the mutual benefit for both parties

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15
Q

what are the factors that determine excellence in sport?

A
  • sponsorship
  • professional/amateur
  • time
  • culture
  • age
  • location
  • fitness+health
  • access to sport
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16
Q

how are different social groups given equal opportunities in sport (social equality)?

A
  • role of local community groups in developing traditional sports and activities for ethnic minority groups
  • the role of local groups in developing a sense of social inclusion through sporting activity programmes
  • cultural attitudes, the relaxation of certain conditions to allow participation for certain cultures
  • more affordable sports eg. (municipal golf courses)
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17
Q

how are women being given equal opportunities in sports?

A
  • women encouraged to participate in sport
  • money for facilities, growth in popularity or certain activities targeted at women
  • recognition that women can compete in events which, in the past, were considered too strenuous for women eg. marathon, triple jump, pole vault
  • men and women competing on equal terms eg. equestrian
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18
Q

why do certain countries develop excellence in specific sports?

A 
geographical reasons:
- mountain=alpine sports
- altitude=long distance
- coastal=aquatic
climate:
- warm=outdoor (cricket)
- cold=skating/skiing
- very hot=difficult for athletes
tradition/culture:
- society passes on sports to next gen
- local role models created (brazil football)
- ethnicity (high proportion of FT fibres(Jamaica sprint))
finance:
- more money=better facilities and coaches
- poorer countries struggle to compete
19
Q

what are the advantages of sports colleges?

A
  • unconditional offer
  • accommodation
  • extra training time
  • access to top level coaching, facilities, nutritionists
  • national level competition
  • tuition fees reduced
20
Q

what is the role of sports colleges?

A
  • offer educational support to young athletes
  • enhances reputation of uni/college
  • develop sporting talents
  • for those who cannot afford costs/not motivated educationally
21
Q

what are scholarships?

A

some colleges would offer places to talented athletes, allowing them lots of time to train and minimise studying

22
Q

what is the role of voluntary organisation leisure/sport providers?

A
  • meet a local need
  • not run for profit
  • officers are rarely paid
  • eg. local hockey club, rambling society, large national charities (the youth hostels)
  • usually run from local scout and youth groups, places of worship (churches)
23
Q

what are sponsorships?

A

a company pays the athlete expenses (often much more than they actually spend) in return for the athlete to wear the companies name or logo

24
Q

what are trust funds?

A

any prize money is paid into a trust fund from which the athlete can take living expenses and have the rest when they retire

25
Q

what is the definition of leisure time?

A

the free time a person has when not working or sleeping

26
Q

what are the facilities for physical activity in rural areas?

A
  • remote, unlike to have many purpose built sports facilities
  • may have natural facilities eg. sailing, hill walking, rock climbing etc.
27
Q

what are the drawbacks of media coverage?

A
  • more pressure on managers and teams to do well
  • players adopt a ‘win at all cost’ attitude rather than playing for enjoyment
  • some may resort to cheating or the use of drugs
  • sports stars have less privacy
  • media may demand changes in the law/rules of some sports
  • critical on refs/official decisions
28
Q

what are the impacts of T.V on sport?

A
  • sport occupies a large % of viewing time
  • TV allows people to see biggest competitions in the world
  • event/match analysis allows the viewer to see the events in closer detail eg. slo-mo replays
  • TV companies contribute to event prize money
  • TV companies often decide, due to financial support, which sports will be shown
  • minority sports can be well publicised or ignored by TV executives
29
Q

what are the positive influences of media coverage?

A
  • promotes sport
  • more people can see, hear, read about sport
  • inform and entertain
  • creates ‘sports stars’/role models who can have positive effects on youngsters
  • if seen on TV can attract sponsorship, improving of facilities/training equipment
30
Q

how are athletes with disabilities given equal opportunities in sport?

A
  • rapid expansion of participation
  • wider variety of activities available and greater willingness to adapt sports to meet people’s needs
  • improvement in facilities
  • increase in number of specialist coaches available
  • open competitions eg. shooting, archery or creation of competitions where able-bodied and disabled may enter as a pair eg. European dance championships
  • greater social acceptability of people with disabilities
  • increase in number of media role models
  • disability games alongside able-bodied
31
Q

what are the facilities for physical activity in urban areas?

A
  • leisure centres, sports stadiums, specialist sports clubs etc.
  • urban area have high population therefore are high in demand
  • excellent transport links
  • parking may be an issue (limited space)
32
Q

what is meant by sport development?

A

the promotion of sports activities for the community

33
Q

what are the different levels of the sports development pyramid?

A

stage 1: foundation
stage 2: participation
stage 3: performance
stage 4: elite

34
Q

what is the foundation stage of sports development?

A
  • consists of beginners and younger people
  • involves mass participation activities
  • is about recreation and having fun
  • involves learning and developing basic skills such as running, jumping and throwing
  • is found at school age in PE lessons or in ‘mini sports’ activities
35
Q

what is the participation stage of sports development?

A
  • taking part in organised sporting activities at clubs and leisure centres
  • being with friends and like-minded individuals who are there to enjoy playing sport
  • having a more structured environment than in the foundation stage
36
Q

what is the performance stage of sports development?

A
  • the focus is on developing the level of performance towards the elite level
  • participants will concentrate on one or two sports, developing specific skills
  • training and competition become more regular and more important
  • the emphasis is more on being professional and less about just having fun
37
Q

what is the elite stage of sports development?

A
  • performers now move from country/regional to national squads
  • governing bodies are responsible for performer’s development
  • high levels of support are given to prepare the performers both physically and mentally through: coaching, medical care, equipment, diet an mentoring
  • performers lead a lifestyle designed to maintain high levels of fitness- sacrifices are required as their lifestyle will centre around performing and competition
  • performers will most likely be professional
38
Q

what is a sports development officer?

A

a professional whose job is to identify and support a planned route for participants and performers through he four stages of the pyramid

39
Q

what is the role of sports development officers?

A
  • ensuring all sections of the community are aware of available activities and where they can go to get involved
  • distributing information and promoting sport
  • organising classes, programmes, coaching, club development and training
  • liaising with schools, governing bodies, councils and everyone involved in sports development
40
Q

what is a brand?

A

the creation of a recognisable image that widely identifies a product and differentiates it from its competitors

41
Q

what are the disadvantages of sponsorship?

A
  • sponsors can exert a strong influence on a sport, eg. by dictating rule changes, clothing requirements an timings of events
  • sponsors tend to prefer high-profile, televised sports with charismatic stars. Minority sports find it much more difficult to attract sponsors
  • sponsors can withdraw support if a performer’s image is damaged
  • performers are often required to spend time at a sponsor’s event instead of resting for the next game/competition
42
Q

what are the advantages of sponsors?

A
  • the sponsor being linked to success ad glamour can raise their profile and status and increase the sales of their products
  • the athlete receives free clothing, equipment and payment. Athletes can concentrate on training and playing and not have to worry about the money
  • the sport receives additional funding on top of admission and competition entries, which allows them to develop coaching and community schemes
  • the audience benefit when sponsors’ money is used to improve spectator facilities
43
Q

what different forms can sponsorship take?

A
  • individual
  • team and facility
  • event

Sports Studies unit 4 (2 decks)

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