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Sports Studies unit 4 > Ethics and other issues > Flashcards

Ethics and other issues Flashcards

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1
Q

what are performance enhancing drugs?

A

chemical substances that change the chemical balance of the body when taken, affecting the performer’s ability and providing an unfair advantage when performing

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2
Q

what is doping?

A

the use of illegal substances (PEDs) by athletes or sports performers in order to improve their performances

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3
Q

what is the meaning of ethical?

A

to do with morals or principles; ethical behaviour involves high moral standards, being honest and following the correct code of conduct

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4
Q

why do performers use PEDs?

A
  • to be the best- regardless of the morality of it
  • to improve their performance
  • to build muscle faster than in training
  • to achieve success, rewards, new contracts, sponsorship
  • to calm themselves before an event
  • to recover quickly or mask their pain
  • to even things up with other athletes already using PEDs
  • because of influence of others (eg. other athletes, coaches, training regime)
  • because natural ability is sometimes not good enough
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5
Q

what is the affect of Beta blockers?

A
  • prevent adrenaline in order to keep heart rate low
  • calming and relaxing affect
  • reduce anxiety
    associated with: archery, diving, shooting, snooker
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6
Q

what is the affect of anabolic steroids?

A
  • increase muscle mass fast
  • let athlete train harder for longer
  • increase power and strength
  • speed up recovery time
    associated with: athletics, baseball, cycling, football, rugby
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7
Q

what is the affect of diuretics?

A
  • increase the amount of water passed out of the body
  • a way of reducing weight quickly
  • mask other PEDs being used
    associated with: boxing, equestrian, gymnastics, jockey
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8
Q

what is the effects of stimulants?

A
  • affect the central nervous system
  • reduce pain
  • increase alertness: mental and physical
    associated with: athletics, american football, swimming
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9
Q

what are the risks of beta blockers?

A
  • reduce blood pressure
  • cause tiredness
  • heart failure
  • depression
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10
Q

what are the risks of anabolic steroids?

A
  • aggressive behaviour
  • heart disease
  • high blood pressure
  • liver problems
  • effect on hormones
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11
Q

what are the risks of diuretics?

A
  • dehydration
  • weakening of the muscles
  • kidney problems
  • nausea
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12
Q

what are the risks of stimulants?

A
  • addictive
  • high blood pressure
  • strokes
  • increased risk of injury as pain is surpressed
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13
Q

why are the reasons for taking PEDs not good enough?

A

using PEDs means you do not have the natural ability or dedication to become the best without cheating

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14
Q

what is the World anti-doping agency?

A

an independent agency that monitors all sporting activities, across the world, providing tests on performers and educating through scientific research

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15
Q

how do organisations help prevent drug use?

A
  • random selection- athletes can be called be called for drug testing at any time, in or out of competition
  • blood testing- athletes are provided with a sealed kit in which to place two samples (A and B); if the kit has been tampered with, it must be returned
  • urine sampling- similar to blood testing, although the sampling must be given in view of an official of the same gender
  • sample testing- samples are sent to a registered lab where sample A is tested; if a positive result is found, the athlete is notified before sample B is also tested
  • sanctions- if both tests are positive, the relevant sporting organisations are notified; they decide what penalties or bans to impose
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16
Q

what are the three main reasons for banning PEDs?

A
  • health risks
  • morality
  • unfair advantage
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17
Q

what is blood doping?

A

the misuse of techniques and/or substances to increase a performer’s red blood cell count, eg. by using the hormone EPO or by injecting oxygenated blood into a performer before an event

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18
Q

what is EPO (erythropoietin)?

A

a hormone produced in the kidney that can also be artificially produced; it helps stimulate the production of red blood cells to carry more oxygen with haemoglobin to the muscles

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19
Q

how is blood doping carried out?

A
  • blood is taken 3-4 weeks before a competition, usually at a point where haemoglobin levels are high
  • the blood is frozen to maintain the high haemoglobin levels that will produce more red blood cells
  • 1 or 2 days before the competition, the blood is thawed and then reintroduced to the performer via a blood transfusion
  • this will increase the number of red blood cells in the body and the capacity to carry more oxygen
  • the performer’s aerobic capacity is increased and they can perform for longer without fatigue
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20
Q

what are the potential side effects of blood doping?

A
  • blood becoming more viscous (thicker)
  • increased chance of heart attacks, strokes, pulmonary embolism (clot on the lung)
  • risk of infection (when sharing blood)
  • kidney disease (through EPO)
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21
Q

what is real risk?

A

the amount of danger that actually exists in the activity

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22
Q

what is perceived risk?

A

an individual’s subjective or personal judgement about the dangers of an activity

23
Q

what can risks be caused by?

A
  • lack of preparation
  • limited fitness
  • behaviour of others and yourself
  • weather
  • limited level of skill
  • inadequate facilities and equipment
24
Q

how do you conduct a thorough risk assessment?

A
  • identify the risks. What are the real risks? what are the perceived risks?
  • identify who is at risk. Who is at risk of harm and in what way?
  • evaluate the risks and decide on what to do next
  • record your findings
  • review your processes. What was a success? How could you improve it?
25
Q

how is risk calculated?

A

severity x likelihood

26
Q

how can risks be reduced/prevented?

A
  • wearing protective clothing and footwear to prevent injuries
  • lifting and carrying equipment safely and correctly
  • using a warm-up to prepare and a cool-down to return body back to normal after an activity
  • creating suitable levels of competition to make sure everyone can participate and not be at a disadvantage
  • following rules and instructions to encourage fair play and prevent confrontation
27
Q

what are minor injuries?

A

injuries that can be dealt with at the scene of the incident by a first aider, such as cuts, bruises and grazes

28
Q

what is soft tissue?

A

soft parts of the body including tendons, ligaments, skin, fat, muscles, nerves and blood vessels; hard tissue is bones and teeth

29
Q

what is a blister?

A

a small pocket of fluid that forms in the upper layers of skin after it has been damaged. Most blisters are filled with a clear fluid (serum), but may be filled with blood (blood blisters) or pus if inflames or infected

30
Q

what is the cause of blisters?

A

repeated rubbing of the skin or burning

31
Q

what is the treatment of blisters?

A

unbroken blisters: don’t pierce the bubble. Cover with a plaster or a gauze pad or dressing
burst blisters: don’t peel off the dead skin on top of the blister. Allow the fluid inside to drain and wash it with mild soap and water. Cover the area with a dry, sterile dressing to protect it from infection until it heals

32
Q

what are bruises?

A

bluish or purple-coloured patches that appear on the skin when capillaries break or burst underneath. Blood leaks into the soft tissue underneath the skin, causing damage to blood vessels

33
Q

what is the cause of bruises?

A

impact with a hard object

34
Q

what is the treatment for bruises?

A

cold compression such as a flannel or cloth soaked in cold water or an ice pack wrapped in a towel will help to reduce swelling and internal bleeding

35
Q

what are cuts and grazes?

A

cuts: where the skin is broken causing damage to blood vessels beneath
grazes: where skin is rubbed off again causing damage to blood vessels

36
Q

what is the cause of cuts and grazes?

A

cuts: contact with sharp object
grazes: scraping or rubbing against a rough surface

37
Q

what is the treatment for cuts and grazes?

A

stop any bleeding by applying pressure to the area using a clean, dry absorbent material- such as a bandage, towel or handkerchief. When the bleeding has stopped, clean the wound and cover it with a dressing

38
Q

what is winding?

A

difficulty in breathing because of exertion or a blow to the stomach

39
Q

what is the cause of winding?

A

a blow to the abdomen by a ball or hitting action, making the diaphragm go into spasm

40
Q

what is the treatment for winding?

A

loosen the clothing. Sit in a crouched position as this helps the muscles to relax. Try to stay clam and take slow deep breaths

41
Q

what are muscle injuries?

A

muscle is overstretched or torn (also known as a strain). Caused when muscles are over-used, e.g during a weight training session. Muscle strains are particularly common in the legs and back, such as hamstring and lumbar (lower back) strains

42
Q

what is the treatment for muscle injuries?

A
  • use of RICE method.

- limited training

43
Q

what are tendon injuries?

A

tendons can also be overstretched or torn (strained). Inflamed tendons (tendonitis) occur through repeated actions (eg. tennis elbow). Tendon injuries usually happen during activities that involve sudden, sharp movements, such as throwing or jumping, or after repeated overuse of the tendon, such as running

44
Q

what is the treatment for tendon injuries?

A
  • use of RICE method
  • reduced and limited training
  • rest and painkillers if needed
45
Q

what are ligament injuries?

A

also known as a sprain. Caused by the ligaments being twisted or pulled past their range of movement. A serious injury is the ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) in the knee

46
Q

what is the treatment for ligament injuries?

A
  • use the RICE treatment in the first instance

- severe pain or lack of movement could indicate a more serious injury, which might require an operation

47
Q

what is a dislocation?

A

caused by a sudden force that moves the joint out of position (eg. an arm lock in judo). A dislocated shoulder causes swelling and great discomfort

48
Q

what is the treatment for a dislocation?

A
  • use the RICE method and go straight to the hospital
  • it is sometimes possible to relocate i.e (put it back into the ball and socket joint)
  • this could result in an operation depending upon the severity of the injury
49
Q

what is RICE?

A 
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
the method of treatment after a minor injury
50
Q

what is meant by rest for RICE?

A

stop the activity. Rest and protect the injured or sore area

51
Q

what is meant by ice for RICE?

A

apply an ice pack right away to reduce pain and minimise swelling. Then keep applying for 15-20 minutes every 2-3 hours. Wrap the ice pack in a towel to avoid it directly touching the skin

52
Q

what is meant by compression for RICE?

A

wrap the area in an elastic bandage. This will help decrease swelling

53
Q

what is meant by elevation for RICE?

A

keep the injured body part raised above the level of the heart whenever possible. This may also help to reduce swelling

Sports Studies unit 4 (2 decks)

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