Social and Cultural Foundations Flashcards
What is conformity?
Public or private acceptances of behavior, attitudes, or beliefs of others.
Factors that affect willingness to conform
Fear of defiance, group unanimity, group size, cohesiveness, andexpertise
What increases conformity?
- low self-esteem, low Iq, increased need for affiliation, increased need for approval, and authoritarianism
Name 3 methods to increase compliance
1 foot-in-the-door technique = make a small request than ask for larger ones
- Door in the face technique = make a large request and settle for smaller one
- Obedience = person submits to request or demand of authority
What is coercive power?
Someone else has control of punishments
What is reward power
Someone else has control of rewards
What is expert power?
Person has superior ability or knowledge
What is the frustration - aggression hypothesis?
When a person is blocked from achieving a goal. Aggression is used to remove the block
What is instrumental learning? (Theory of aggression)
Aggression is learned through reinforcement, punishment, modeling, and imitation
What is observational learning? (Theory of aggression)
Aggressive behavior is learned through watching aggressive behavior
What are some factors that lead to aggression?
Anonymity, large amounts of drugs or alcohol, explicit or violent erotica, role expectations, environmental conditions
What is bystander apathy?
1964 case of Kitty Genoese - People are less likely to intervene if others are around
What is multicultural counseling/ cross-cultural counseling/ intercultural counseling?
Counseling a client from a different social or cultural background.
What are 5 counseling processes that.can create problems in multicultural counseling?
Stereotyping, resistance, transference, countertransference, and client expectations
What is stage 1 of the Atkinson, Morten and sue racial-cultural development model?
Conformity- positive attitude towards and preferences for values of dominant culture
What is stage 2 of Atkinson, Morten, and sue racial cultural development model?
Dissonance- confusion and conflict over contradictory appreciating and deprecating attitudes actively questions values of dominant group
What is stage 3 of the RCDM
Resistance and immersion- actively reject the dominant society and like their own group.
What is stage 4 of the RCDM?
Introspection- begin to question rigid View of the dominant group
What is stage 5 of the RCDM?
Synergistic articulation and awareness- comfortable with themselves and can be open to objectively evaluate values of others
What is stage 1 of the resettlement model?
New arrival stage- remain highly involved in country of origin
What is stage 2 of the resettlement model?
Destabilization- acquire survival skills, develop support systems, acculturate
What is stage 3 of the resettlement model?
Exploration and destabilization stage- more flexible in learning about the new culture
What is stage 4 of the resettlement model?
Return to normal life stage- form positive identity but may experience delayed grief reaction and family conflict.
In the U.S., what does each socioeconomic group represent?
A separate culture
Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement?
Eric Berne
How did the aca contribute to the growth of cross-cultural counseling?
The 1972 formation of the association for non-white concerns in personnel and guidance, later know as the Association for multicultural counseling and development
What is Daniel levinson’s controversial theory?
Theorizing a midlife crisis stage that occurs 5 years earlier for women than men
What are 3 factors which enhance interpersonal attraction?
Close proximity, physical attraction, and similar beliefs
What is contextualism?
Behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs
What is balance theory?
A more from cognitive inconsistency to consistency to achieve a balanced cognitive state
True or false: A counselor who is seeing a clientfrom a different culture would most likely expect more social conformity than one would from a client of the same culture.
False- expect less social conformity
What does cognitive dissonance theory predict?
People will look for things which are consistent with their behavior
When would be a good time to use an active-directive model?
When the client responds well to authority figures
What is therapeutic surrender?
Occurs when a client is able to trust the counselor and self-disclose
When is structuring most effective in cross-cultural counseling?
When the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session
What is connotation?
When the emotional context of a word is different from the true definition
What was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling?
Brown vs. Board of education
What does “emic” mean?
An insider’s perception of the culture, emphasizes that each client is an individual with individual differences
What helped popularize the multicultural counseling movement?
The civil rights movement
Who is associated with frustration -aggression theory?
John Dollard and Neal Miller
Who created cognitive dissonance theory?
Festinger
Who was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues?
Parsons
True or false: early localization in infants is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe.
True
what does it mean to have an auto plastic viewpoint?
Change comes from the self such as thoughts and behaviors
What is an alloplastic viewpoint?
Client can cope by changing external factors in the environment.
What is “personalism”?
All people must adjust to environmental and geological demands
What is social facilitation?
When one performs better in a group
