Social And Cultural Change Flashcards
The expansion of the mass media
Effectiveness of Televisions
Televisions became available everywhere, which started to create a uniformity of culture, and ended in the isolation of distant communities. By 1961 75% of the population had a TV.
The expansion of the mass media
Hugh green and bbc
Hugh Greene became the director, general of the BBC. Money was diverted from radio to television guidelines on nudity and swearing were revised and more popular programs were commissioned.
The expansion of mass media
Advertisement
The launch of ITV in 1955, allowed advertising advertises could get straight into the family sitting room and tempt customers with attractive models that reinforced the brand names of goods.
The expansion of the mass media
Radios
Radio survived by the development of the cheap and portable transistor and a spread of car Radios. These having a long life battery and earphones meant that radios could be taken out or listen to privacy in bedrooms.
The expansion of the mass media
Teenagers and young people
Teenagers no longer had to listen to what their parents wanted to hear, and personal radios meant that programs could be targeted at different audiences.
The expansion of the mass media
Print media
Some predicted that TVs with mark the end of print media, but newspapers and magazines survived changed and grew stronger. (The Sun newspaper was launched in 1964 and replace the serious working class new newspaper daily herald.)
Growth in leisure activities
Leisure time
By the 1960s leisure time expanded as fewer people were expected to work on Saturday mornings and weekends could be given over to leisure activities.
The growth in leisure activities
Television and leisure time
Home remain the centre of many leisure activities and this was extended by TV by 1969, tv accounted for 23% of leisure time .
Growth in leisure activities
Hobbies
DIY and gardening became popular hobbies. cooking, needlework and knitting still had a place in the 1960s home and were encouraged with ease, knitting could be combined with TV viewing.
The growth in leisure activities
Transport
Car ownership accelerated in the 1960s passenger bus coach and train travel decline. The use of cars grew to account for 77% of journeys by 1974. Technological improvements meant that cars were more affordable.
The growth in leisure activities
Types of leisure activities and facilities
Shopping centres,golf and sailing became a leisure activity as mass production grew, fuelled by advertising. Leisure had become a profitable business and leisure travel turned into mass tourism.
The growth in leisure activities
Holidays
The number of holidays increased, Britannia Airways was founded in 1964 to serve holiday makers, wishing to fly to Spain and the Canary Islands. However, the cost of air travel meant that holidays abroad were still largely the preserve of middle-class.
Impact of scientific development
Space development
In 1961, the first person I’ve gone into space and by 1969, the United States had landed on the moon.
The impact of scientific developments
Angelo French partnership
The Angelo French partnership, continue to develop the supersonic Concorde aircraft.
Impacts of scientific developments
The post office tower
Became the tallest building in Britain and opened in 1965, to improve telecommunications.
Impact of scientific developments
Contraceptive pill
Decreased the amount of illegal abortion procedures. Women could now control fertility.
Types of scientific developments
Media (tv and radio)
Travel (cars and planes)
Fashion
Contraceptive pill
Household appliances ( fridge)
Reduction of censorship
Play writing
Play right began experimenting with new styles of plays, often addressing social issues that led to clashes with the office of the Lord Chamberlain. New place had to gain a license from the office before they were allowed to be performed.
Reduction of censorship
Theatre banning
The owners could be prosecuted if play did not have approval. The Royal Court Theatre was at the centre of innovation. After Edward Barnes controversial play was banned in 1967 back bencher mp introduced a bill to banish theatrical censorship.
Reduction and censorship
The removal of the theatrical censorship
Permitted nudity on stage, and the new act was celebrated when 13 members of the cast of “hair” in an American musical stood up and face the audience naked for 30 seconds in 1968.
Reduction of censorship
Films and censorship
Films remained subject to strict categorisation. Find the 1960s, there was a gradual boardening of what was considered acceptable and films began more daring. By the end of the decade, screen, violence and sex had become more acceptable.
Progress towards female equality
Role of women during the 50s and 60s
The duty of woman was to be a good wife and mother, keeping a clean home and feeding children and husband. Remain strong among the working classes.
Progress towards female equality
Second wave feminism
Started in the US when Betty Friedan in the “feminine Mystique” published in 1963, argued that women were unfulfilled with restricted lives.
Progress towards female equality
Education for women
the growth in female education contributed to growing fustration. women accounted for only 28% of students in higher education in 1970. Goes education, still curried a domestic slant and girls frequently left School at the minimum age.
Progress towards female equality
Females and jobs
There was no shortage of jobs for women as employees paid them less than men.. many jobs were in the clerical and service sector with no prospects and poor pay. Working mothers were seen as selfish and childminders were rare.
Progress towards female equality
The National Health Service family planning act of 1967
Allowed local authorities to provide contraceptives and contraceptive advice for the first time. However, changing attitudes meant that the number of illegitimate births rose from 5.8% to 8.2% in 1970.
Progress towards female equality
Women Lib groups
A number of “women lib” groups, springing up around the UK to campaign for social and economic equality for women.
Progress towards female equality
National women’s liberation conference in 1970
There were four demands put forward
Equal pay
Free, contraception and abortion
Equal education and job opportunities
Free 24 hour childcare
Progress towards female equality
1970 matrimonial property act
Established the work of a wife, whether in paid employment or in the home should be taken into account in divorce settlements.
Progress of female equality
Equal pay act 1970
Establish the principle of equal pay for equal work, although it did not come into force for a further five years.
Changes in immoral attitudes and a “permissive society”
Philip Larkin poem
The poem links to the 1960s to the birth of the permissive society. This refers to a time of general sexual liberation with changes in public and private morals and new openness.
Changes in moral attitudes and the permissive society
Critics of the permissive society
Critiques is determine in negative way, believing us decline in conventional more standards, encouraged by the contraceptive pill on the spread of mass media.
Changes in moral attitudes and the permissive society
Catholics towards the permissive society
The Catholic Church was hostile to the contraceptive pill arguing that it was contrary to gods law, and therefore sinful, not all prominent Catholics agreed.
Changes in moral attitudes and the permissive society
The spread of permissive ideas
Permissive ideas are spread by the media from teen magazines through to a growing number of uncensored novels. by the end of the decade rates of sexually transmitted affections rose, especially among young people.
The changes in moral attitudes and the permissive society
Mary Whitehouse
Mary was the moral campaigner and concerned by permissive changes. The publicity and support she received led to the set up of the national viewers and listeners association in 1965. However, she failed to have any impact on the programs shown.
Changes in moral attitudes and the permissive society
The spread of drug culture
cocaine and heroin addiction became 10 times more prevalent in the first half of the 1960s. The hippie lifestyle promoted the drug culture, and even the Beatles turned to LSD.
Changes a moral attitude and the permissive society
The drugs act of, 1967
The dangerous drugs act 90,67, made a lawful to possess drugs, such as cannabis or cocaine. The Wooten report of 1968, suggested legalising soft drugs like cannabis, but was rejected by the home secretary.
The changes of moral attitudes and the permissive society.
Michael Schofield on the sexual behaviour of young people 1965
Found most young people with either virgins on marriage or married at first, and only sexual partner. A mixture of ignorance and social restraint remained while liberal legislation opened the way to change.
Youth culture
Increased living standards
Increase living standards, spread of education, and the growth of leisure time helped to create a youth generation that was more inclined to question norms.
Youth culture
Parental clashes with youths
Young people clash with their parents over fashion, music, taste and more standards, and there was a great questioning of previous norms around sex and drugs. Such behaviour caused a deal of concern among the older generation.
Youth culture
Teenage promiscuity of drugs
Alcohol, tobacco and caffeine will use more than illegal drugs and according to the survey 1969, young people spent more time listening to rock music in their bedrooms.
Youth culture
Fashion
Youth culture was largely defined by fashion and London was the capital of the fashion world traditional rules were abandoned. It came acceptable to wear the same outfit to work and the evening.
Youth culture
Music
Young people, listen to popular music by tuning into one of the radio stations like BBC Radio. Tv responded to demands which helped spread the latest trends music.New technology enabled cheap record players and made music accessible to all.
Anti Vietnam War riots
Youth culture and political activism
You’ve culture and political activism merged in a position to the controversial Vietnam war in the late 1960s. There were teachings on Vietnam at Oxford University.
Anti Vietnam war riots
The Vietnam solidarity campaign
The Vietnam solidarity campaign was set up in 1966, Jennings considerable support among a university students
Anti Vietnam war riots
The anti-Vietnam war demonstration in London
On the 17th of March 1968, there were violence scenes at an Anti Vietnam war demonstration in London, in Grosvenor Square. On the 20th of March, still more violent protests took place ending with over 200 people being arrested
Anti Vietnam War riots
1968 anti-war protests
The year 1978 saw a number of protests combined with demands for student power in variety of different universities. two, Conservative MPs were physically attacked. The labour secretary was shouted down in Manchester.
Issues of immigration and race
The influx of immigrants from the new Commonwealth
The influx meant that social tensions experience in the late 50s, did not go away. a survey showed that one and five objected to working with black people or Asians and refuse to live next door to a black person.
Issues of immigration and race
The 1965 first race relations act
This act was passed by the labour government which forbade discrimination in public places on the grounds of colour, race or ethnic origins. Discrimination housing and employment were excluded.
Issues of immigration and race
The influx of Kenyan Asians
The influx prompted the government to pass a new Commonwealth immigration act, limiting the right of return to Britain for non-white Commonwealth citizens.
Tissues of immigration and race
Enoch Powell
Power was strongly condemned by the liberal establishment, and he sacked him from the shadow cabinet over his rivers of blood speech. However, the reaction of the public opinion was very different.
Immigration and race issues
Strikes in response to Powell’s sacking
There were strikes by dockers and meat porters in London, and a protest march in response to Powell sack. A gallop pole found at 75% of the population supported what Powell said.
Issues of race and immigration
1968 race relation act
The expand, racial discrimination housing, employment, insurance, and other services, however, employees could still discriminate against nonwhite and complaint against the police were excluded from the law
Issues of immigration and race
The race relations board
Where racial complaints were sent, it only held up 10% of 1241 complaints received about discriminatory employment to January 1972. Complaints remained low, because of victims had little faith in getting effective redress.
Issues of immigration and race
Positive aspects to immigration
Evidence of communities living together without problems, the Notting Hill carnival became an annual event from 1964, appearance of Asian Corner shops, and Chinese takeaways.
Issues of immigration and race
Youth culture
Youth culture drew from the ethnic communities in music, fashion and Street life. Hippies of the late 60s were Indian and African cotton, while others, enjoyed West Indian styles of music.
