Social 8 Chapter 4 Test

Question 1

Before the Renaissance, what was knowledge of Astronomy, Physics, and Biology was based off of?

Answer 1

It was based off the research of Classical and Islamic Scholars

Question 2

True or false: People were encouraged to ask questions, conduct research of their own, and experiment before the Renaissance

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Who was in charge of education in the Middle Ages?

Answer 3

The Church

Question 4

What is the scientific method?

Answer 4

Identify problem
Gather info on problem
Form a hypothesis
Experiment
Record data
State conclusion
Repeat

Question 5

Did the scientific method become more or less used during the Renaissance?

Answer 5

More used. Especially by humanists

Question 6

Who was Ptolemy?

Answer 6

A Greek Astronomer

Question 7

What did Ptolemy say about the universe?

Answer 7

He suggested that the earth was the center of the universe and the sun revolved around it

Question 8

What was Ptolemy’s idea of the universe called?

Answer 8

The geocentric model of the universe

Question 9

Why did people believe earth was the center of the universe?

Answer 9

Because they believed that God placed it there

Question 10

Who was Nicolaus Copernicus?

Answer 10

A Polish Astronomer

Question 11

What was Copernicus’ discovery and how did he make it?

Answer 11

He discovered that the sun is in the center of the universe. (heliocentric) He got ideas from not accepted ancient Greek astronomers

Question 12

Who was Johannes Kepler?

Answer 12

A German mathematician and astronomer

Question 13

What was Kepler’s discovery and how did he make it?

Answer 13

Kepler tried to combine Ptolemy and Copernicus’ systems. He discovered that planets travelled in an elliptical orbit around the sun

Question 14

True or false: new theories of the universe that astronomers presented threatens their worldview

Answer 14

Yes

Question 15

What did humanists think of astronomy?

Answer 15

Humanists believed that people had the power to better understand the world they live in (by knowing astronomy)

Question 16

What did the church think of astronomy?

Answer 16

The church was unwilling to accept new ideas (of astronomy and wanted to keep on believing what it did)

Question 17

What is heresy?

Answer 17

Opposing teachings of the church

Question 18

What were the consequences of heresy?

Answer 18

Torture and being burnt alive

Question 19

Why was Galileo charged with heresy?

Answer 19

His book claimed the sun was in the center of the universe and the earth revolved around it.

Question 20

Before the Renaissance, what was medicine based on?

Answer 20

Medicine was based on astrology and superstition. Leeches were used for bloodletting

Question 21

What was medicine like during the early Renaissance?

Answer 21

Herbal remedies/cures

Question 22

How did knowledge in mainly anatomy and surgery grow?

Answer 22

Scientists used the scientific method to make discoveries about the human body and how it works

Question 23

Who was Andreas Vesalius and what did he do?

Answer 23

An Italian anatomist, professor of University of Padua who dissected bodies in front of his students. He recorded his results in books with detailed drawings.

Question 24

Why was dissection discouraged by the Church?

Answer 24

Christians believed in body resurrection. (harming the body wouldn’t be good)

Question 25

Was dissection legal in Italian city-states?

Answer 25

Yes but only some. It was controversial up until the Renaissance

Question 26

How was mathematics used in Renaissance astronomy, trade/commerce, and art?

Answer 26

In astronomy, it was used to find out the orbit of planets. In trade/commerce, it was used to calculate distance, profits, etc. In art it was used for perspective

Question 27

Who was Filippo Brunelleschi and what did he do?

Answer 27

A Renaissance architect who rediscovered the mathematical theory of perspective. He used perspective when designing buildings

Question 28

What did perspective do to images?

Answer 28

It made them look like they did in real life

Question 29

What was Isabella d’Este’s upbringing like?

Answer 29

She grew up in a wealthy family in Mantua and received a classical education. She also interacted with many humanist scholars and artists.

Question 30

How did Isabella d’Este gain her power?

Answer 30

She married the duke of Mantua and ruled when he was gone

Question 31

How did Isabella d’Este make decisions?

Answer 31

She used the perspectives and input of the people to make decisions. Heard concerns, fixed concerns. Actions were done for the good of others

Question 32

How did Isabella d’Este feel about the nature of people?

Answer 32

She thought they were important and that their voices should be heard. People had valuable information. People were good but could do bad things

Question 33

Who was Niccolo Machiavelli?

Answer 33

A Florentine civil servant who observed people and governments

Question 34

What book did Machiavelli write and why was it so special?

Answer 34

He wrote a book called “The Prince” which became one of the most controversial and influential texts ever written. It got banned by the Church

Question 35

How did Machiavelli know about being a leader?

Answer 35

He observed people and governments. Using the scientific method, he gained new perspectives of leadership and power

Question 36

How did Machiavelli feel about the nature of people?

Answer 36

He thought they were generally bad and that rulers in specific didn’t have qualities that made them good people

Question 37

How did Machiavelli think a leader should make decisions?

Answer 37

For the good of the person in power. Decisions should be made for the end result and whatever it took to get there doesn’t matter if you got the end result. Politicians should focus on keeping their power

Question 38

What is an allegory?

Answer 38

A work with symbolic meanings in the characters or events portrayed. These symbols can represent a moral or political meaning

Question 39

When were allegories used?

Answer 39

To give messages to illiterate people or to spread messages secretly

Question 40

What was the Machiavellian way of thinking?

Answer 40

1. The leader could do anything as long as it was good for the state as a whole (no right or wrong)
2. Religion should not be the focus of politics and power