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PS2002 > Social > Flashcards

Social Flashcards

1
Q

what is social psych

A

attempts to understand how the thoughts feeling and behaviours of individuals are influenced by the actual, implied or imagined presence of others
Allport 1924

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2
Q

4 levels of social psych

A

ideological
positional
interpersonal
intrapersonal

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3
Q

ideologica

A

cultre, valies and norms within a society

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4
Q

positional

A

aspects of social position, such as ststaus, group memberships, relationships between groups etc

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5
Q

interpersonal

A

between individuals

interaction and features of the situation, presence of others etc

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6
Q

intrapersonal

A

within the individual

how we organuse our experience, perceptions, sense of self etc

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7
Q

2 views on studying the self

A

private reflection, i vs me, subjective vs objective… the self is both= william james
looking glass self = george herbert mead…. self-sum is the total of others opinions

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8
Q

social cognition and the self

A

the self as an object of knowledge
regulates information processing, behaviour and relationships
cognition is motivated

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9
Q

representation of the self

A

sum of self linked to many concepts

values, friends, memories.. all connected

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10
Q

self concept

A

the entire collection of beliefs we hold about ourselves

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11
Q

self schema

A

attributes which we are certain and represent clearly

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12
Q

working self

A

information about self that is used in a given situation

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13
Q

name 3 types of self motives

A

enhancement
asssessment
verification

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14
Q

self-enhancement

A

having self-esteem = i am a person of worth

the motivation to seek out information that allows one to see one self in a positive light

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15
Q

self-assessment

A

being accurate about ourselves

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16
Q

self-verification

A

confirming what we already think

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17
Q

4 forms of self-enhancement

A

better than average effect
remembering success, forgetting failure
people who say nice things about us are more credible
self-serving attribution bias

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18
Q

explain the better than average effect

A

ask a group of individual if they are better than average in a certain paradigm
the entire group will come out as better than average…. not possible

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19
Q

how do you acquire self worth in two different types of culture?

A

individualistic cultures - unique, distinctive, independent, pursuing your own goals == independent self
collectivist cultures - fitting in, fulfiling your obligations to others, maintain harmony, self control, promote others goals == interdependent self

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20
Q

what is the independent self

A

based on stable, personal abilities, traits, beliefs

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21
Q

what is the interdependent selfb

A

based on relationships and roles

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22
Q

independent vs interdependent self

performance on better than average test

A

hypothesised would only find it in independent cultures

evidence found it is a universal effect

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23
Q

self-categorisation theory

A

personal identity - me and my uniqueness

social identitiy - us, my commonality with some others, intragroup similarity and intergroup difference

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24
Q

social identity is the basis for…

A

collective behaviour

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25
Q

what is attribution

A

how we assign the causes of peoples behaviour

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26
Q

approaches to understanding attribution

A

naive scientist view, kelly 1967

  • consensus
  • distinctiveness
  • consistency
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27
Q

how to self-concept and self-schema relate

A

self-concept has many distinct concepts

together these concepts form the self-schema

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28
Q

self-schematic vs self-aschematic

A 
schematic = important to definition of self
aschematic = unimportant to their definition of self
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29
Q

why are self-schema important

A

guiding factors that determine how people think they should feel, think and act in specific situations

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30
Q

narcissim

A

individual differences variable characterized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem
need validation of others to maintain their self-concept

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31
Q

causal attributions

A

the process of assigning a cause to an event or behaviour

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32
Q

gestalt psychology

A

approach proposing that objects are viewed in a holistic sense. relevant to attributions, people attempt to understand events or behaviours as a whole by understanding their underlying causes

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33
Q

the naive scientist theory

A

heider (1958)
ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attributions using similar processes to those of scientists

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34
Q

naive scientist theory:

consensus

A

information about the extent to which other people react in the same way to a particular stimuli

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35
Q

naive scientist theory:

distinctiveness

A

information about the extent to which a persona reacts in a particular way to a particular stimulus or reacts in the same way to many other stimuli

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36
Q

naive scientist theory:

consistency

A

information about the extent to which a person reacts in the same way to a stimulus on many other occasions

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37
Q

covariance model

A

kelly 1967
model of causal attribution which argues that people typically attribute the cause of behaviour to a factor that covaries most clearly with the behaviour

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38
Q

fundamental attribution bias (or correspondance bias)

A

peoples tendency to overattribute causes to a person and infer that if a person behaves in a particular way, it must be because of some underlying trait
people over-attribute behaviour to stable, dispositional causes - not accounting for the extent of social norms and situational causes

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39
Q

castro essays study finding

A

participants who freely chose to write pro or anti castro essays were attributed with pro or anti czstro attitudes respectively. unexpectedly the same pattern emerged even when those essay writers had no choice. this demonstrates the correspondance bias - the tendency for people to attribute behaviours to underlying dispositions

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40
Q

FAE depends on…

name the conditions where it is stonger

A

quick judgements
cognitive busyness
good mood
not knowing much a about the person

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41
Q

FAE is stronger in what cultures and age

A

western young = strongest to conform to a culture-specific style of attribution

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42
Q

actor-observer bias

A

the tendency for actors to attribute their own behaviours to the situation and for observers to explain behaviours in terms of personality traits
own behaviour = situational causes
others behaviour = dispositional causes

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43
Q

self-serving attribution bias

A

taking credit for success, denying responsibility for failure

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44
Q

self-handicapping

A

pre-emptive attribution of failure to situation

behavioural self-handicapping - sabotage own performance

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45
Q

what is the cultural specificty in attribution biases

A

people in collectivist cultures attribute less to disposition

  • personality seen as more changeable
  • collectivists more holistic thinkers?
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46
Q

just world theory

A

lerner 1980
people have a deep seated need to perceive the world as a just place
parents socialise children to follow rules and work towards their goals
influenced by freud, at a certain age children switch from pleasure principle to reality principle

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47
Q

what is an attitude

A

an evaluation of some object
good or bad
do i like it or not
we know what we like and act accordingly…. or do we
- aware of certain attitudes
-behaviour is a function of these attitudes

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48
Q

explicit attitudes

A

mogg et all smoking
- asking questions on an attitude gives us a score
assumes participant has conscious access to the attitude
relies on availability of conscious attitude
deliberate response

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49
Q

implicit attitude

A

reaction time tasks, hard to control responses - true attitude?
interesting for sensitive topics eg racism

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50
Q

2 implicit techniqeus

A

priming

IAT

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51
Q

LaPierre’s hospitality study

A

10,000 mile tour of us with a chinese couple
visited 66 hotels, caravans and tourist homes, dined in 184 restaurants
=only refused service once
subsequent questionnaires- 92% of establishments indicated that they would not accept members of the chinese race as guests

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52
Q

attitude characteristics - specificity

A

for an attitude to predict a specific behaviour the attitude needs to be specific

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53
Q

general attitude vs specific attitudes

A

positive attitude towards health and fitness = poor predictor of jogging
positive attitude about jogging = good predictor of jogging regularly

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54
Q

principle of compatibility

A

jogging is an example, womens use of birth control pills and their attitude to using birth control pills in next 2 years = most corrolated

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55
Q

theory of planned behaviour

A

theory concerning how attitudes predict behaviour. it argues several factors including subjective nomrs, attitudes towards behaviour and perceived behavioural control determin behavioural intentions concerning the behaviour and in turn intentions strongly determine whether the behaviour is performed

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56
Q

subjective norm

A

what friends / those around think about the behaviour

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57
Q

perceived behavioural control

A

beliefs baout how much control the individual has over their own actions (self-efficacy)

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58
Q

two theories (just names) relating from behaviour to attitude

A

self-perception theory

over-justification effect

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59
Q

self-perception theory

A

bem 1967
we infer our attitudes from our behaviour
i eat a lot of cake so i must like cake

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60
Q

over-justification effect

A

incentives can undermine motivation because we wont attribute our behaviour to intrinsic interest

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61
Q

emboded social cognition

A

pen made mouth either smile or shut

cartoons funnier if forced in smiling position = missatribution of smiling

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62
Q

missatribution of arousal

A

dutton and aron 1974
male participants approached by interviewer as crosse bridge
interviewer gives phone number at end of interview
sig more calls when on scary bridge and male calling female interviewer

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63
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

an unpleasant psychological state that occurs when people notice that their attitudes and behaviours (or their attitudes) are inconsistent with each other

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64
Q

study and whose study which first depicted cognitive dissonance

A

Festinger and carlsmith 1959
participant in boring task
then offered $1 to tell next participant (really a confederate) was interesting or $20 to tell was interesting
then asked if it really was
cognitive dissonance as $1 not worth the lie so convinced themselves was actually really interesting and they werent lying or
in $20 condition confirmed yep was very dull but worth lying to others if a $20 reward

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65
Q

hypocrisy and behaviour change

aronson et al explain study

A

hypocrisy indcued
1 appeared on video encouraging younger students to use condoms
2 recalled past failure to use condoms
how many condoms bought immediately after
significantly more when hypocrisy was induced

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66
Q

elaboration likelihood model

what does it state

A

the nature of persuation outcomes are dependent on the likelihood that recipients will engage in elaboration of (or thinking about) the arguments relevant to the issue

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67
Q

central cues in elaboration likelihood model

A

analysing the message and elaborating on the argument: careful, active thinking, considering counter-arguments etc

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68
Q

peripheral route in elaboration likelihood model

A

length of argument / number of arguments
attractiveness of source
mere exposure
etc

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69
Q

explain the two routes in the elaboration likelihood model

A

persuation message =high - central route - careful information processing - attitude change depends on quality of argument
persuation method = low - peripheral route - superficial information processing - attitude change depends on the presence of persuation cues

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70
Q

factors determing the processing route in elaboration likeliness model

A 
motivation (involvement in a topic, need for cognition)
ability
expertise
message difficulty
distraction
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71
Q

problems with using fear to persuade

A 
fear control rather than risk control
-scrutinise and reject the message
-deny its relevance to oneself
self-affirmation
-we need to protect our self worth and integrity which could motivate defensive processing
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72
Q

self affirmation reduces defensiveness

A

self-affirmation manipulation - recall nice things about yourself
smoker rate how threatening and self relevant the graphic photots are
defensiveness in control condition (saw photos as less relevant than non-smokers)
self affirmed smokers were keener to cut sown after viewing the images

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73
Q

subliminal advertising

A

coca cola popcron hoax in 1957
bans, subliminal self hekp tapes
weak effect in meta analysis by trappey 1996

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74
Q

goal relevance of prime

A

subliminal primes affect brand choice for thirsty participatns only
primes can over-ride habits for another brand

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75
Q

mechanisms for subliminal primes

A

accessibility of the means of serving a current goal
automatic positive evaluation of prime
source amnesia and familiarity
effects reduced by warning the particiaptn before or after the prime

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76
Q

what does the inverted u shaped graph tell us

A

attitude change vs amount of fear
ie not enough fear = no change
middle amount of fear = max change in behaviour
to much fear= no change in behaviour

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77
Q

two views on are groups real

A

the group mind Le Bon
vs
allport 1927 - against the idea of the group mind

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78
Q

ringlemann 1913 many hands experiment

A

individual pulls 85kg on average
when in a group of 7 would expect to pull 595kg but in reality only pull 450 kg
-psychological reason at play

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79
Q

latane 1979 clapping experiment

A

people clapping in groups of 6 make 60% less noise than when alone

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80
Q

two explanations (just theories dont explain them) for are groups less productive than individuals?

A

process losses - steiner 1972

social loafing - latane 1981

81
Q

process losses

A

inefficiencies in the system

so a physiological explanation

82
Q

social loafing (motivation loss)

A

your contribution gets lost in the group so each individual does not try as hard

83
Q

what did using pseudo groups tell us about individual losses in the group

A

1 participant, rest are actors
much less loss in the pseudo group
so from a graph we can distinguish there is some coodernation loss (difference between real and pseudo group) but there is still some loss so that is the motivation loss

84
Q

3 instances when groups are not less productive than individuals

A

collectivism
meaningful tasks
identification and cohesion

85
Q

ringleman effect

A

as group size increases, individual effort on a task decreases

86
Q

social identitity and social identity theory

A

identity - the aspect of our self-identity that is determined by our group membership
theory - the theory of group membership and intergroup relations arguing that personal identities and group memberships complete people’s sense of self

87
Q

according to tajfel and turner 1979 what make up your social identity

A

there are two levels to the self
personal identity - me
social identity - us

88
Q

when there is sense of us what happens according to tajfel and turner

A

solidarity and attraction to ingroup members
cooperation and helping
group goals become important

89
Q

prototype

A

fuzzy sets of characteristics that define a group and distinguish it from other groups

90
Q

self-categorisation

A

cognitive process of categorizing oneself as a group member

91
Q

subjective uncertainty

A

uncertainty about who we are and what we are supposed to do which is alleviated by identification with groups

92
Q

what did zimbardos prison experiment show

A

deindividuation

guard agression and prisoner submission as a natural expression of being in a certain role

93
Q

where does dinidivduation seem to occur more. in large or small groups?

A

large

94
Q

deindidualism - what and why

festinger 1952 and zibargo 1969

A

lowered concern for social evaluation = cloak of anonymity
causes - sensory overload, drugs / alcohol… and immersion ain groups
irrational behaviour in violation of appropriate norms
uncontrained anti-social behaviour

95
Q

maximum security vs st a students if you could do anything responses…

A

st a were more antisocial than maximum security prison inmates

96
Q

zimbardo 1969 anonymity and collective aggression stud

A 
groups of three women told to deliver shocks to another participant
deindividuated condition (white cloaks and hoods, KKK like) = more shocks 
individuated condition (name tags) = fewer shocks
.... but the reverse when participants were soldiers perhaps because as a soldier already deindividuated into the group (or did they conform to the norms of what they were wearing)
97
Q

anonymity effect depends on costume johson and downing 1979 study

A

participants dressed as KKK shocked their target regardless of their identifiability, but anonymous participants dressed as nurses decreased their shocks
they conformed to the norms of how they were dressed

98
Q

meta-anaysis on deindividuation

A

little support for the deindividuated state

behaviour confomrs to situational group norms, rather than being anti-normative

99
Q

the st paul’s riot explin social identity, limits of violence, and the behaviour of the group

A

social identitiy - community of st paul, exploited and treated unjstly by the police
limits of violence, geog and tagets
not all actions generalise - no mindless contagion, self policing
behaviour guided by group norms

100
Q

what are norms

A

uniformities arising through interaction
descriptive and prescritptive
may or may not reflect formal rules and laws

101
Q

social norms defintion

A

uniformities of behaviour and attitudes that determine, organize and differentiate groups from other groups

102
Q

autokinetic effect

A

visual illusion, dot seems to move (it doesnt actually move)

perceived movement of the dot decreases as group size increases

103
Q

effects of social norms on attitudes study

A

students randomly assigned accomodation
either in sorority = conservative
or dorms = liberal
tests of political aligment beginning and end of year, they shifted towards to views of those they lived with

104
Q

littering behavour norms study

A 
norms do not need to be explicit to be powerful
leaflets put on cars
one is about dont litter
one is about art
art ones 25% through on floor
anti litter only 10% did
105
Q

majority influence with unambigious stimuli

A 
asch 1952&6
what line is longer - obvious answer
lots of actors, one particiapnts. actors all chose wrong answer
conformity rates
25% always independet
50% conformed at least ahlf of the time
5% conformed all the time
conformity on 33% of trials overall
106
Q

majority influence study with private conformity (participants writes down answers)

A

conformity dropped to 12.5% of trials

107
Q

majority influence study with supporter

A

conformity on 5.5% of trials

108
Q

name two forms of influence

A

normative influence

information influence

109
Q

what is normative influence

A

wanting to be liked and accepted
key is going against what the individual think because they think they are being watched by a powerful group able of handing out rewards and punishments
eg line study bu asch

110
Q

what is informational influence

A

wanting to be right
typically occurs when a task is ambiguous and people are uncertain how they should respond
eg autokinetic study by sheriff

111
Q

what is referent informational influence

A

social influence to conform to a group norm because adherance to the group norm defines the person as a member
people conform because they have internalized the group norm as the appropriate way to act as a member of that group

112
Q

minority social influence (idea and who came up with it)

A

social influence processes whereby a minority group (in terms of number and power) changes the attitudes of a majority group
moscovici

113
Q

do majorities and minorities exert different types of influence

A 
majority
-comparison process
-submission to social pressure
-temporary, public conformity
minority
-validation process
-trying to understand wht the minority has the position it does
-deeper level of cognitive processing
-leading to private conversion
114
Q

how can a minority exert influence (2 things)

A

diachronic consistency - each individual must not waiver in their opinion
synchronic consistency - individuals in the minority must show the same opinion

115
Q

group polarisation definition

A

group interaction strengthens the initial leanings of group members so that attitudes (and decisions) become polarized

116
Q

risky shift definition

A

the finding that groups seem to make riskier decision than individuals

117
Q

three explanations for group polarisation

A

persuasive arguments
social comparison
social identitiy

118
Q

explain the social identitiy explanation for group polarisation

A

implied outgroup position means the group as a whole shifts their views away for the outgroup so converge to make a more polar decision to differentiate themself from the outgroup

119
Q

consequences of being in a psychological group

A

conformting to group norms
seeking consensus
prototypical members are influential

120
Q

social identity theory of leadership

A

being on the same team
appealing to common norms shared with the majority
opponents will portray them as deviant to the group

121
Q

ingroup sensitivity effect

A

criticism of the group is more acceptable when it comes from an ingroup member (assumed to have a constructive motive

122
Q

3 ways to approach theories of leadership

A

what marks a leader out from the rest of us
which kinds of leaders suit which situations
what are the group processes that make leadership happen

123
Q

what are contingency theories in terms of leadership

A

match between the leader and the situation
task vs relationship orientation
low vs high situational control
least preffered co worker scale

124
Q

for low or high situational control situations what kind of leaders are more effective, otherwise…

A

task orientated

otherwise relationship

125
Q

social identity ramifications for what a leader must do

A

be seen to promote group interests

be prototypical of the group they wish to lead

126
Q

prototypical leaders are seen as

A

fair
trusted
charismatic
able to be more creative while keeping the support of the group

127
Q

interpreting milgram the agentic state finding

A

lessend moral concern
absorption in narrow technical task
loss of responsibilit

128
Q

problems with the agentic state

A

1 obedient people are not always passive and indfferent to consequences (argue and negotiate with the experimenter
2 variation between the conditions
3 ineefectiveness of direct orders - only when the order was direct did particiaptns tend to stop conforming

129
Q

what is the agentic state

A

people lose responsibility and just do as they are told

130
Q

explain the social identity account of the milgram study

A

identification with the experimenter representing the scientific community
experimenter and teacher as part of a wide group with a shared pupose

131
Q

3 process theory of power - who came up with it and draw the model

A

turner 2005
power = getting people to carry out ones will
comes from persuation and control
control comes from authority and coercion

132
Q

define prejudice

A

a negative affective prejudgement about a group and its individual members

133
Q

define stereotype

A

a simplified but widely shared belief about a characteristic of a group and its members

134
Q

define discrimination

A

negative treatment of a group member simply because of their group membership

135
Q

the authoritarian personality

A

a particular kind of person susceptible to facist propaganda
irrational prejudice serves hidden psychological needs
authoritarian parenting = inner frustration = displacement onto weak outgroups

136
Q

robbers cave experiments recap

A

sherif et al 1961
stage 1 ingroup formation (eagles vs rattlers)
claimed and area of camp as own
stage 2 negative interdependence
no more cross group friendships, insults, fighting etc
stage 3 positive interdependece
intermingling friendship singing sharing

137
Q

realistic group conflict theory

A

theory of intergroup conflict that explains intergroup behaviour with respect t the need to secure scarce resources
so material relations between social groups determine attitdues instead of inner conflict leading to prejudice
conflict of interests

138
Q

stereotype content model fiske et al 2002, 2007 explain the four different group relations and outcomes

A

high status and low competition = admiration
high status and high competition = envy
low status and low competition = paternalism
low status and high competition = contempt

139
Q

when do we see outgroup favouritism and give an example

A

among members of low status groups

eg doll studies by clark and clark black children rated the white dolls as prettier, better etc

140
Q

doll study implicit and explicit attitude

A

explicit - both white and black participants tend to show some ingroup favouritism
implicit attitudes - only white participants show clear ingroup favourtism overall

141
Q

implicit outgroup favourtism correll et all study (computer)

A

computer simulation
shoot armed suspects
dont shoot unarmed suspects
both black and white participants more readily shoot black suspects

142
Q

system justification theory

A

unfair social systems are supported by even disadvantaged groups
thi reflects
-media disseminate stereotypes etc that serve dominant group interests
-motivation to avoid uncertainty and legitimise the status quo

143
Q

problems with system justification theory

A

justifying the system a basic human motive?
what about sucessful struggles for independece in former colonies
civil rights movement in usa
fight against apartheid in south africa

144
Q

hostile sexism

A

traditionally sexist view of women that is characterised by the belief that they pose a threat to mens position

145
Q

benevolent sexism

A

apparently positive view of wome in which they are seen as necessary for mens happiness and superior in a number of ways

146
Q

ambivalent sexism

A

reconceptualisaion of sexism to take into account the fact that sexism can include both positive and negative attitudes at the same time

147
Q

stereotype threat

A

fear of being judged in terms of a stereotype and negatively fulfilling the stereotype that leads to poorer performance on a task
stereotype lift is the opposite of this

148
Q

system justification theory definition

A

theory that peoples dependence on social system for wealth and security motivates them to justify those social systems and see them as fair

149
Q

collective action

A

the pursuit of goals by more than one person. specifically it is the coordinated actions of the disadvantaged group members in order to change intergroup relations

150
Q

three main antecedents to collective action

A

sense of justice
efficacy
identity

151
Q

when do we see things as unfair

A

relative deprivation

  • the gap between what we have and what we think we are entitled to
  • must be based on some kind of comparison
  • within group comparisons
152
Q

2 types of relative deprivation and what leads to collective action

A

two kinds of relative deprivation
1 - individual (egotistical)
2 - group (fraternal)
group relative deprivation leads to collective action

153
Q

social identity theory and its ramification on what happens in our group

A

we feel invested in our groups
positive distinctness
but what about groups in a structurally subordinate position

154
Q

the contact hypothesis

A

allport 1954
contact between groups reduced prejudice when certain conditions are met:
-institutional support
-equal status
-cooperation / common goals
-acquaintance potential (one of allports conditions but not always in the textbook)

155
Q

meta analysis on contact effects

A

stong support
516 studies
250,000 participants
overall correlation = -.21 (higher when allports conditions are met
-contact reduces prejudice in 95% of studies

156
Q

meta analysis on contact effect

strongeste ffect found for……

A

affective measures

majority groups

157
Q

how does the contact effect work?

A

knowledge not the main mediator
at first intergroup anxiety
then empathy

158
Q

the importance of group salience

A

two seemingly contradictoy models
1 the de-categorisation model
-seeing others as individuals
-makes interaction less awkward and anxiety provoking
2 the mutual intergroup differentiation model
-seeing each other as group members
-generalisation of attitudes

159
Q

the importance of group salience - experiment and result

A

ethnic dutch and turkish school students
manipulation - ethnicity salience
measured participants evaluation of interaction partner and turks in general
result
awareness of group membership needed for generalisation
no change on views of individual outgroup member
but
ratings of group as a whole much lower in control compared to when ethnicity of partner made salient

160
Q

conclusion on how to reduce group conflict

A

first reduce group salience to avoid tension and anxiety

then make groups salient, facilitating generalisation

161
Q

dixon and durheim 2003 beach experiment

A 
desegregated south african beahes
informal desegreation
intimate spaces
segments of the beach
different times and days
162
Q

two approaches to social change

A

prejudice reduction
-improving the attitudes of the historically advantaged group
-more positive attitudes, less conflict
collective action
-action by the historically disadvantaged group to challenge the status quo
-collective identity, injustice and efficacy
contact reduces collective action, does it potentially undermine social justice?

163
Q

ideological level of helping

A

culture, pro-helping norms

164
Q

position level of helping

A

intergroup status relations

group memberships

165
Q

interpersonal level of helping

A

bystander effect

166
Q

intrapersonal level of helping

A

empathy

167
Q

empathy-alturism hypothesis

A

batson 1980
hypothesis that when people feel empathy for others, they will be more likely to help that person at a personal cost to themself

168
Q

two views on what empathy is

A

a trait
a skill - compassion mediation
-8 week course to improve empathy
fMRI evidence = increase activation in inferior fronatl gyrus and dorsomedial prefrontal context (areas associated with ToM and empathy)

169
Q

the bystander effect

A

presence of others inhibits helping in emergencies
as the number of bystanders increase people are less likely to
notice the problem
interpret it as a problem
assume responsibility

170
Q

bystander effect study

A

darley and latane 1968
participants in cubicles communicate with eac other through intercom
staged seizure and choking, confederate asks for help
participants believed they were alone or had 1,2,3,.. others in cubicles (bystanders)
this showed the bystander effect as less bystanders helped as group increased and it took longer for bystander to help and number of bystanders increased

171
Q

group membership and the bystander effect

  • who defines other
  • what does the bystander effect depend on
A

other = people typically have no conncetion
effect depends on who is present
strangers = number reduces heling
friends = number increases helping
sharing a group identity with the person needing help = more likely to help

172
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

one explanation why bystanders do not intervene is the perception that someone else will

173
Q

pluralistic ignorance

A

the phenomenom whereby people wrongly assume based on others actions that they endorse a particular norm

174
Q

levine and crowther 2008 study

gender categories and group size

A

femal confederates interrupts asks for help with her own experiment
hostile reaction from a male experimenter
how many participants help her after the main experiment
manipulation - participants are either alone, in a single sex group of 3, with 2 members of the opposite sex (minority)
= female participants in a group and males as the minority help the most

175
Q

dovidio et al 2002 helping the out group study

A

the presence of bystanders provides white participants with non-prejudiced rationalisations for not helping a black victim

176
Q

when do people help the outgroup

A

when the image of the ingroup is at stake
when the help is dependency orientated rather than autonomy/ empowerment orientated or when the outgroup is in an inferior, non-threatening position

177
Q

refusing outgroup help

A

awareness of a benevolent sexist stereotype of women as dependent may lead women to reject help from men
low staus groups may reject hekp that is perceived as dependency orientated if status relations are unstable

178
Q

what does culture have to do with helping

A

norm of recipriocity
levine et at 2001 study in helping strangers in 23 cities
eg help a blind person cross a road, picking up an accidentally dropped pen etc
correlation between economic productivity and helping behaviour

179
Q

ideological level of agression

A

honour culture

dehumanisation

180
Q

position level of aggression

A

social exclusion

181
Q

interpersonal level of agression

A

hostile attribution

social learning

182
Q

intrapersonal level of agression

A

self-esteem

instinct / frustration

183
Q

what is agression

A

behaviour that is intended to harm another person with the knowledge that the target is motivated to avoid the action

184
Q

types of aggression/ distinctions

A

verbal / relational vs physical aggression
active vs passive
violent vs non-violent

185
Q

some ideas to support aggression as an instinct

A

evolved fighting instinct like instincts for food and sex
builds up until release via aggression
aggression normality inevitable

186
Q

what is the frustration agression hypothesis

A

aggression stems from frustration - goal-directed behaviour is blocked or threatened

187
Q

what is catharsis

A

releasing aggressive energy through some harmless substitte for actual aggression

188
Q

catharsis and sport

A

sport as a substitute discharge alternative to war

Fenichel 1945

189
Q

evidence against catharsis

A

can often increase aggression
why
-aggression is often rewarding for the perpetrator reinforcing the aggressive behaviour - catharsis trains you to be aggressive
aggressive sports more common in warlike cultures - they reflect and fuel aggressive societal norms

190
Q

how certain types of self-esteem lead to aggression

A

superiority = high aggression
social inclusion = low aggression
threat to high self-esteem = people with high self-esteem respond worse when self-esteem is threatened

191
Q

what is narcissm

A 
extremely high but insecure self-esteem
exaggerated self-important and superiority
m]need implicit self esteem
need for validation from others
aggressive reaction to criticism
192
Q

meta analysis of watching violent films and video games

A

average american viewed 10,000 violent acts by age of 13

compelling evidence for strong and growing effect

193
Q

how does media influence aggression

A

learning that vioence is rewarding
hostile attribution bias and mean world syndrome
desensitisation (less sympathy for victims, fMRI evidence to support)

194
Q

mechanisms of moral disengagement

A

how is normal aversion to extreme violenvce overcome
moral self-sanctions are selectively disengaged from inhumane conduct
- euphemism, sanitizing language
-displacement of responsibility
-miimizing the consequences and advantageous comparison
-dehumanizing the victim

195
Q

two views of human in desenitization

A

as animals

as objects

196
Q

culture of honour

A

violence to restore ones honor is supported by norms
- protection of property, responding to insults, infedelity
- linked to emotion of shame
might develop in a vacuum of law enforcement

197
Q

what are implicit attitudes

A

actions or judegements that are under the control of automatically activated evaluation, without the performers awareness of that causation

198
Q

presumed advantages of measuring implicit over explicit attitudes

A

avoidance of self-presentation concerns

attitudes people may be unaware of

199
Q

5 blocks in IAT (implicit association test)

A 
1 classify in and outgroup stimuli
2 classify positive and negative words
3 classify categories or positive and negative word
4 like one but keys switched
5 like 3 but now opposite pairing

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