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PS2002 > Comparative > Flashcards

Comparative Flashcards

1
Q

comparative psychology definition

A

a multidisciplinary enterprise committed to the stuayd of biological, behvaioural, psychological and socail aspects of adaptive behaviour from the standpoint of their evolution and their development

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2
Q

explain the levels of analysis in comparative behaviour

A

behaviour
cognition
physiology

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3
Q

level of behavioural analysis

A

ethology
behavioural ecology
animal behaviour

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4
Q

level of cognitive analysis

A

animal learning
cognitive ethology
animal cognition

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5
Q

level of physiological analysis

A

physiological psychology
neuroendocrinology
behaviourl neuroscience

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6
Q

who can you compare with? over time changes

A

non-human = animal psych
human-like = compared to humans
among non-humans = compared to other species

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7
Q

why should we compare species

A

for their own sake
as a contrasting device
to make inferences about evolution

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8
Q

three methods for making inferences about the evolution of behaviour and cognition

A

fossil remains (eg tool use)
genes (molecular clocks)
comparisons between extant species

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9
Q

3 views on how should we compare species (just name them)

A

same method / task
different method / task
functionally equivalent method / task

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10
Q

explain good and bad about using same method / task

A

suitable for closely related species
but
species-specific adaptation make applicability difficult

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11
Q

explain good and bad about using different method / task

A

greater phylogenetic aplicability

low coparability

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12
Q

explain good and bad about using functionally equivalent method / task

A

exploits species-specific adaptation

finding functionally equivalent tasks is difficult

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13
Q

when should we compare species (again just list dont explain)

A

same age
different ages
functionally equivalent ages

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14
Q

explain good and bad about comparing at the same age

A

should we use chronological or mental ages?

beware of confounding variables

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15
Q

explain good and bad about comparing at the different ages

A

can become an end to itself

cross-sectional vs longitudinal are quite different methods

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16
Q

explain good and bad about comparing at functionally equivalent ages

A

adapted to the species being compared

beware of the rules of thumb eg chimps = 3 yo children

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17
Q

name the terms and briefly explain tinbergen’s four questions

A 
mechanism = proxiate causation (how does it work)
function = ultimate causation (why does it exist
phylogeny = evolution (how does the species evolve)
ontogeny = development how does the individual develop
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18
Q

what are organisms trapped by which determine their survivial

A

to survive and reproduce (functional, genetic control)
but at the same time
to seek pleasure and avoid pain (mechanistic, endocrinological control)

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19
Q

theory of evolution by natural selection 1958, darwin and walace

A

variation (raw material for evolution)
leads to
adaptation (process)
leads to
change (those that remain are adapted for the conditions in their environment)
leads to
selection (limited resources so inevitable. process)

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20
Q

three types of selection and briefly explain

A

natural - related to survival, predator-prey interactions
artifical - related to domestication, pugs vs border collies
sexual - related to reproductive success, male-male competition/ female choice

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21
Q

milton 1981 - resource distribution

A

spider monkey is a frugivore (patchy distribution), large home range and large brain
vs
howler monkey is a folivore (abundant distribution), small home range and small brain
need to find the conclusion of this study..

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22
Q

explain the three types of ingestive behaviour

A 
foraging = finding food
hoarding = saving food
feeding = consuming food
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23
Q

what are the two types of mazes

A

radial maze

water maze

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24
Q

how a radial maze works

A

reference and working memory
rats - random but accurate search
mice - sequential search

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25
Q

how a water maze works

A

landmark ‘independent’
extensively used with rats
hippocampus - dependent

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26
Q

explain how we know the morris water maze is hippocampus dependent

A

normal rat swims and finds hidden platform
neocortical control lesion does same behaviour
hippocampal lesion randomly zips all over the maze until finds the platform

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27
Q

convergent evidence on mating systems evidence

A 
voles
polyamorous vs monogamous
the poly ones have..
larger home ranges
better spatial abilities 
larger hippocampal volume
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28
Q

convergent evidence on food catching evidence

A

birds
compare food-storing birds with non-ood storing birds
pavids (tits and chickadees) vs corvids (these guys store food)
corvids = better spatial abilities, larger hippocampal volume

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29
Q

convergent evidence on brood parasitism

A

female vs male brown headed cowbird
the females have to keep track of multiple nest sites
they have better spatial abilities and larger hippocampal volume

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30
Q

how many stages to object permance, whose theory and who can and cant get the last stage

A 
6 stages (4= recovery of hidden objects, 5 = visible displacements, 6 = invisible displacements)
birds and orangatans successful, dogs unsuccessful
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31
Q

definition of socio-ecology and two types

A

discipline that studies the effect of ecological factors on the interactions between individuals and on the social organization of groups (=social structure)
cohesive vs fission-fusion (this one occurs when resources are scarce)

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32
Q

how to test social and inhibitory control (tasks)

A 
a not b 
middle cup
reaching
swing door
delay of gratification
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33
Q

what are circadian rhythms

A

endogenous timing mechanisms that predict changes in the enviornment and synchronise the physiology and behaviour accordingly with appropriate times of day or year

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34
Q

types of circadian rhythms

A

tidal
light-dark
season

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35
Q

circadian rhythms have effects on…

A

behaviour - feeding, reproduction
perception and cognition - learning in rodent
physiology - body temperature, heart rate

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36
Q

neural substrates involved in circadian rhythms

A

hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuceli - scn
hypothalaic-pituitary-adrenal axis
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

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37
Q

key feature of interval timing and types of interval training

A

short arbitrary durations (seconds to mins)
perform an action for a specific duration
anticipate an event once a particular interval has elapsed
judge which one of two intervals were shorter
determine which cue signals the shortest delay to reward

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38
Q

definition of cropping and experiment results

A

visiting food resources at or close to the moment of its replensishment
eg extracting nectar
birds will do what they are trained

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39
Q

definition of episodic like memory

A

encoding and retrieving information about what occured during an event, where it took place and when it happened in time

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40
Q

definition of navigation

A

an animals ability to make its way to a desired location

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41
Q

definition of homing

A

the specific use of navigation to return home

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42
Q

definition of migration

A

seasonal movements of animals from one region to another

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43
Q

definition of path integration

A

the ability to deirectly return to a starting point after visiting several locations in the environment without the aid of external cues

  • calculations are based on distance and direction vestors
  • it accumulates errors that are corrected using external cues
  • it has been described in multiple vertebrate and invertebrate species
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44
Q

path integration in golden hamsters

A 
circular arena with sawdust
food in centre of arena
travel to and from food
rotate arena 
overcompensation
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45
Q

3 neural correlates in path integration

A

place cells - current location
head direction cells - travel direction
grid cells - marking distances, ruler like

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46
Q

path integration input signals in invertebrates ve vertebrates

A 
invertebrates = number of steps, optic slow
vertebrates = vestibular system, optic flow, proprioception, motor commands
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47
Q

definition of compasses

A

the ability to use planetary and or exo-planetary cues to efficiently move from one location to another

  • it may provide heading information
  • it may include time-compensation or duration information
  • it has been described in multiple vertebrate and invertebrate species
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48
Q

3 examples of compasses and the animal that use them

A

solar - bees, pigeons, coral fish, bats
stars - pied flycatchers, blackcaps, seals
magnetic - pigeons, bats, lobsters and turtles

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49
Q

how bees and pigeons navigate

A

position of the sun and time of day

polarized light

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50
Q

difference in pigeons and garden warblers navigation

A

strapping a magnet on pigeons head
measures variations in navigation
garden warbles use magnetic inclination

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51
Q

definition of landmarks

A

an object (including a set of objects or an entire scene) or a gradient in the environment that aids an individual to navigate a particular location

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52
Q

3 types on landmarks explained

A

beacon - move directly to it
types - odour and social
landmark on route - use multiple landmarks along a route
types - seasonal beaconing, landmark bearings, following a landmark
position fixing - encode landmarks around the goal location
types - view matching, vectors, relative distance

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53
Q

landmark use - brief what are the two types

A

object cues

geometric cues

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54
Q

how mongolian gerbils use cues

A

circular arena with sawdust + cylindrical object
food near the object
search around despite changes in object size
= object cues

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55
Q

how rats use cues

A

rectangular sandbox with visual and odor cues
food in one corner
selected correct and diagonal opposite corner

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56
Q

evidence for a geometric model on navigation

A

18 month old to 6 yo children navigation = like rats
language as the key combinatorial tool
multiple species have subsequently solved task after training
spatial +featual information gets combined
a room size increase allowed toddlers and other species to solve the task too
executive function, hippocampal development and experience also helped

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57
Q

what is the cognitive map

A

representation of distances and diretion between all known locations so far experience often referred to as metric or eucledian map

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58
Q

explain the tolman hull controversy

tolmans view

A

rats solve mazes by … encoding the layout
psychological process involved… rational encoding
key concepts… goal, expectation
sensory input is worked over and elaborate into a tentative cognitive-like map of the environment

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59
Q

explain the tolman hulls view

A

rats solve mazes by … turnign left, turning right etc
psychological process involved… S-R associations
key concepts…
reinforcement, contiguity

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60
Q

4 alternatives to cognitive maps (just name)

A

bicoordinate map
mosaic map
network map
euclidean cognitive map

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61
Q

bi-coordinate map

A

direction of home from a

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62
Q

mosaic map

A

direction home from multiple points

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63
Q

network map

A

all known routes between locations

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64
Q

euclidean map

A

distance and direction from all known sites

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65
Q

planning and inference strategies and what species

A

least distance strategies - vervet monkies, to travel efficiently between location
detours and shortcuts - chimps and rats, to travel effectively to new locations

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66
Q

extractive foraging

A

multiple tool use
why primates are smart because they engage in extractive foraging
but birds engage in flexible tool use

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67
Q

what is tool use

A

the external employment of unattched or maniuplated attached environmental objects to alter more efficiently the form, position or condition of another object, another organism or the uset itself, when the user holds and directly manipulates the tool during or prior to use and is responsible for the proper and effective orientation of the tool

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68
Q

is a spider web a tool

A

no

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69
Q

give two examples of tool use

A

throwing stones

swinging off tree branches

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70
Q

two features of cladistics and two routes to similarity

A

completeness and extensiveness

homology - common descent or homoplasy - convergent evolution

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71
Q

definition of adaptive specialisation

A

traits that are tailored to the current ecological niche occupired by a species

  • local adpatiation not a perfect fit
  • best fit , not perfect fit
  • ecological niche refers to the role that the species play in the food chain
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72
Q

sharks vs dolphin fin evolution

A

homoplay
dolphiins are mamals, sharks are fish
but both developed similar fins, body shapes etc

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73
Q

what is problem solving

A

overcoming come obstacle to achieve a goal when the entire solution is neither in the species typical repetoire nor socially learned

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74
Q

thorndike and kohler problem solving

A

trial and error vs insight
gradual vs sudden change
traingin/ learning vs problem solving
arbitrary associations vs causal explanatinos

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75
Q

define trial and error

A

the gradual aquisition of a new response following a series of unsystematic and varied attempts. responses that are successful increase over time and responses that are unsuccessful become extinct

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76
Q

define insight

A

the sudden production of a new adaptive response not arrived at by tiral behaviour or the solution of a problem by the sudden adaptive reorganization of experinece

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77
Q

define reasoning

A

combining perceived with imagined events or associating spatio-teporally separate events. in contrast trial and error learning is based on associating spatio-temporally contingent, perceivable events

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78
Q

what is planning

A

the cognitive process implicated in the formulation evaluation and selection of a sequence of throught and or actions to achieve a desired goal
- one of several executive functions
associated with pfc activity
injury of the cortico-striatal pathway disrupts planning abilities
one of the cortical areas that matures later

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79
Q

what is tulvings challenge

A

can animals perform an action with no immediate consequences in the absence of current needs to meet future ones?

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80
Q

4 examples of future planning

A

tool use - need to collect tools
object exchange
spatial navigation
food caching

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81
Q

what is innovation

A

the invention of a new behaviour pattern or the modification of a previously learned one in a novel context

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82
Q

what is functional fixedness

A

blockage that occurs in a problem solving situation dues to existing function of some of the elements of the task

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83
Q

using a drinking straw as a stick exp results

A

pretest, prior experience group - use straw to dink. no experience group - explore the straw
test was to poke out food reward with objects straw, stick and string available
no experience group did better than prior experience group

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84
Q

brain size and innovation exp

A 
brain measure (executive brain ratio)
- neocortex size + striatum size 
three variables 
-innovation
-social learning
-tool-use
innovation and social learning increased with executive brain ratio
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85
Q

what is the evolutionary arms race

A

the life dinner principle

generalists vs specialists

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86
Q

what is the hares dilema

A

which offspring are better off?
less stressed, less vigilant and less active and larger ones
or
more stressed, more vigilant, more active smaller ones

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87
Q

the classical model of predator prey interactions type of theory

A

unit of analysis - individual
times scale - short term
main focus - survival

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88
Q

prey selection explained

A

development / learning
genetic preference / disposition - preference to a particular type of prey
individual learning - sampling new items
social learning - learning to eat what others eat

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89
Q

prey detection explained

A

perception / cognition / neuroanatomy
snakes use ir
bees use uv
electromagnetic specturm

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90
Q

sound reception explained

A 
low hz = infrasound
acoustic
ultrasound high hz
pigeons and elephants low
bats and dolhins high
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91
Q

what is the principle of proper mass and who came up with it

A

larger cortical sensory regions are associated with enhanced discriminative abilities umwelt

92
Q

3 prey-capture tactics

A

anatomical
tool associated
cooperative

93
Q

anti-predatory tactics explained

A 
primary defences (prior to attack / detection)
immobilization
camouflage
alarm calling
mimicry
secondary defenses
immobilization (feign death)
flight
chemical defense - toxin sequestering
attack - mobbing
94
Q

taste aversion

A

a form of classical or pavlovian conditioning in which a particular taste is associated with nausea, sickness and or vomiting

  • john garcia
  • only requires a single pairing to fomr
  • can tolerate a long interval between food intake and illness onset
  • specific to taste - illness modality
  • great adaptivevalue for avoiding poisonous foods in the future
95
Q

revised models for predator prey interactions type of theories

A

unit of analysis - population
time scale - long term
main focus - BCN

96
Q

effects of predator fear

A 
increased vigilance levels
reduced foraging
alters ranging patterns
increases anxiety levels
increases glucocorticoid production
alters dendritic morphology
triggers neuronal gene expression
97
Q

stress and the HPA axis

A 
acute = beneficial
-energy mobilization
-fight or flight response
vs chronic = deleterious (not good)
-reproductive suppression
-depressed immune system
-arrested growth
-eventual premature death
98
Q

devlopmental effects after exposure to predator cues

A 
invertebrates, fish and amphibians
- changes in body shape and size
-body armature
-chemical defenses
-timing of life history traits
snowshoe hare
leveretes to stressed mothers during gestation = more stressed, smaller size, more vigilant, epigenetic programming of HPA axis
heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence
99
Q

broad headline point of adaptation

A

evolution of a species

development of an individual

100
Q

social relationships

A

the sum of socail interactions over a period of time
social relationships can have a positive or a negative valence and they are typically stable over time but not immutable
kinship
friendship
dominance

101
Q

alturism

A

a behaviour that reduces the actors fitness while increasing another individuals fitness

102
Q

what are the strategies that foster altrusim towards others

A

kin selection
reciprocal alturism
separating interventions

103
Q

kin selection

A

the evolutionary strategy that favours the reproductive success of an organisms relatives even at the cost to the organisms own survival and reproduction
-hamiltons rule rB>C

104
Q

darwinian fitness

A

the genetic contribution of an individual to the next generations gene pool relative to the average for the population, usually measured by the number of offspring that survive to reproduction

105
Q

inclusive fitness

A

the survival and reproductive seuccess of kin, each relative being valued accordingly to the probability of shared genetic information with oneself, an offspring or sibling having a value of 50% and a cousin 25%

106
Q

eusocial species

A

cooperative brrod care
multiple generations of adults
division of loabour into reproductive and non reproductive castses

107
Q

species with parental care

A

mainly the mother or mated pairs take care of the offspring

no division of reproductive labor but helpers at the nest occure

108
Q

species without parental care

A

investment on eggs and sperm

some reptiles, fish and invertebrates though so show parental care

109
Q

harem structure of the hamadryas baboons vs gelada babaoons

A 
hamadryas
high male intervention
immigrant females
low female kinship 
vs
gelada baboons
low male intervention
natural females
high female kinship
110
Q

what is reciprocal alturism

A

an evolutionary strategy that favours the reproductive success of an organism by receiving payback for the services offered at an earlier time

111
Q

direct reciprocal alturism

A

an act that temporally reduces an individuals fitness while increasing someone else with the expectation that the latter will act alturistically at a later time

112
Q

indirect reciprocal alturism

A

expectation that a witness will act in a similar manner at a later time

113
Q

generalized reciprocal alturism

A

recipients of alturism are more likely to act to benefit other in turn independently of their identitiy

114
Q

two ways explained that alturistic payback can be computed

A 
calculated reciprocity
-based on the tally of exchanges
-high cognitive burden
-considers multiple exchanges
attitudinal recipriocity
-based on relationship quality
-low cognitive burden
-considers the last exchange
115
Q

transitive interference

A

is a form of deductive reasoning that allows one to derive a relation between items that have not been explicitly compared before. In a general form, TI is the ability to deduce that if Item B is related to Item C and Item C is related to Item D, then Item B must be related to Item D.

116
Q

brain areas involved in transitive interference

A

hippocampal and parahippocampal gyrus
prefrontal cortex
intraparietl sulcus

117
Q

define social interaction

A

a behavioural exchange between two or more individuals. it may involve a single or multiple exchanges

118
Q

define social relationship

A

the sum of social interactions over a period of time. socail relationships can have a positive or a negative valence and they are typically stable over time but not immutable

119
Q

social structure

A

the network of existing relationships in a social group

social structure can involve various levels of complexity encompassing multiple social relations

120
Q

benefits of sociality

A 
food competition (inter-group)
predator defence
access to reproduction
protection against infanticide
all-mothering
121
Q

costs of sociality

A 
food competition (intra-group)
disease transmission
122
Q

how did sociality develop?

A

social brain hypothesis - keeping track of social relations = correlation between group size and % neocortex, coalitions
or machiavellian intelligence
-oucompetiting conspecifics
-tactical deception

123
Q

transitive interference and sociality

A

pinyon jays = social groups of 50-500 individuals, they have much better transitive interference and are more social?
vs western scrub jays who are mated pairs of 2 adults and their young

124
Q

social challenges

A 
animate and reactive beings
multiple partners
double challenge
-cooperation
-competition
repeated interactions over time
125
Q

social organisations basics to consider

A

ecology
survival
reproduction

126
Q

high fission fusion dynamics…

A

enhancement of certain cognitive abilities including inhibitory control

127
Q

outsmarting dominant individuals

A

hare et al animal behaviour
subdominant will take food hidden from dominant
seen in chimps ravens reces maques and dogs
demonstrates these species can maintain 2 representation (their own and what the other knows)

128
Q

classical debate on social interaction behaviour

A

exemplar vs category
percept vs concept
particular vs general

129
Q

from action to communication

A

problem
the action -instrumental
or intentional gesture

130
Q

intentional communication

A

gesture vs action

  • motor ineffectiveness
  • response waiting
  • gaze alteration
  • repetition and elaboration
131
Q

two pathways on the origin of communication (just headline labels)

A

ontogenetic ritualization

phylogenetic ritualisations

132
Q

ontogenetic ritualisations

A

repeated interactions transform action into gesture
individual (or pair) specific
displays considerable flexibility

133
Q

phylogenetic ritualisation

A

actions or cues are co-opted / modified into signals
species-specific
displays considerable stability

134
Q

vocalizations vs facial expression vs gestures

A 
vocal
-emtional and reference
-inflexible production
facial
-emotionally-bound
-inflexible production
gestures
-context-dependent
-flexible production
135
Q

sign language in apes

A 
repetoire size - 200-500
nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and pronouns
many signs are arbitrary
displaced reference
-imperative format
136
Q

tokens and lexigrams in apes

A 
repetoire size 20-200
nouns, verbs, adverbs, pronouns and adjectives
-all lexigram/ tokens are arbitrary
displaced reference
-imperative format
137
Q

natural repetoire of social interaction in non humans

A

restricted to here and now

only artifical goes beyond the here and now

138
Q

3 ways language might upgrade the ape mind

A

analogical reasoning
reversed-reward contingency
understanding intentions

139
Q

analogical reasonging

A

language training of apes = enhancement effect, individual differences, new paradigms

140
Q

reversed-reward contingency

A

numerical training of apes
enhancement effect
individual differences

141
Q

understanding intentions

A

enculturation
enhancement effect
new paradigms

142
Q

artifical language in apes…

A

provides apes with a vehicle to express thei own internal states but they do not seek to create them in the irst place

143
Q

a psychological perspective on communication (tow views

A 
proto-imperative = child to adult to object
proto-declarative = child to object to adult
144
Q

an evolutionary biological perspective on communication (again two views)

A

manipulation - instead of pushing others around, make their own muscles do the work
information - honest signals favoured when they are less costly than lies

145
Q

define agression

A

a suite of behaviours allowing an individual to convey strength to to physically defeat a conspecific

146
Q

goals of aggression

A

maximise resources

minimize energy expenditure

147
Q

dominance hierarchies what is the point

A

repeated interactions foster dominance relations

outcome of signal exchange or fight

148
Q

signals in agression.. what the point

A

advertising intentions / motivations

used with familiat or unfamiliar individuals

149
Q

dominance hierarchy defintion

A

a type of social relationship that ranks individuals in term of their access to resources with dominant animals having greater access than subordinate ones
- reduces cost of aggression for contests whose outcome is predictable
-regulated by actions (approach-avoidance) or communicative signals
can be linear (transitive) or non-linear (intransitive)

150
Q

two forms of rank aquisition

A 
by interaction 
-contests fought and won
-fighting ability, coalitionary support
by observation
-outcome of third party contests
-useful for unfamiliar opponents
151
Q

signals and displays

A

a form of communicaation aimed at advertising fighting ability (intrasexual competition) and mate reproductive quality (mate attraction)
-orten represent cases of phylogenetic ritualizaion
-signals that are selected are hard to faek (honest signalling)
often with a dual function (repulse rivals and attract males)
-subjected to individual selection, not group selection

152
Q

4 examples of signals and displays

A

body checking
ornaments
weaponry
vocalizations

153
Q

throat patches on birds

A 
the larger the throat patch...
the higher the dominance rank
the larger the territory
the higher the testosterone level
an experimental decrease in testosterone level causes a reduction in patch size
154
Q

hormonal regulation

A

setroids
nonapeptides
serotonin

155
Q

testosterone

A

male agression and territorality

156
Q

progesterone

A

female agression in california mice

157
Q

oxytocin

A

regulates prosocial behaviour and social bonds

158
Q

serotonin

A

modulates aggression
differential taxonomic effect
vertebrates - deceases aggression
invertebrates - increases aggression

159
Q

when can aggression get out of hand

A

contestants are evenly matched
there is a large benefit - reproduction
the cost is small

160
Q

conflict resolution

A

the outcome of actions that eliminate the incompatibility of goals, interests and attitudes of the conflicting individuals

161
Q

pre-conflict mechanisms of conflict resolution

A

dispersion

signals - apeasement

162
Q

post-conflict mechanisms of conflict resolution

A

reconciliation

triadic resolution

163
Q

reconciliation

A

exchange of affiliative behaviour between two former opponents

  • tolerant style
  • low degree of dominance asymmetry
  • strength of the social bond (relationship quality)
164
Q

what does triadic reconciliation and aggression demonstrate

A

complexity of social relations

165
Q

what is territoriality

A

the defence or maintenance of an area to the exclusion of others specifically the same sex conspecifics

166
Q

3 forms of territoriality

A

patrolling
advertising
fighting

167
Q

to defend or not? costs and benefits

A 
costs 
injury
energy expenditure
reduced foraging
predation
reduced parental care
benefits
food abundance and familiarity
mate attraction and maintanence
offspring protection
168
Q

infanticide

A

the killing of young offspring by a mature animal of the same species

  • prime example of sexual conflict
  • used to be considered a consequence of abnormal behaviour due to stress
  • different from filial or sibling infanticide
  • subjected to individual selection, not group selection
169
Q

3 aimals infanticide occurs in

A

hanuman langurs
gorillas
lions

170
Q

when does the golden-winged sunbird defend

A

nectar feeding bird
high nectar in the morning - no territories
low nectar in the mid-afternoon - territories

171
Q

sociobiology

A

the extension of population biology and evolutionary theory to social organization
wilson 1978

172
Q

quantitive cognition

A

horse could do maths

-was actually just responding to the audience

173
Q

two mechanistic ideas on how we estimate, compare and operate on quantities and explain

A 
subitizing 
-perceptual estimation mechanism
-limit is 7 items
object file system
-precise representations of discrete item
174
Q

relative numerousnous

A

decide between 2 quantities
count?
no we use ratios
can differentiate between much higher numbers

175
Q

webers law

A

the change in a stimulus that will be just noticeable is a constant ration of the original stimulu

  • relative change is the key aspect in discriminative ability
  • applied to any kind of magnitude via any sensory modality
176
Q

3 analogue magnitude systems

A

relative numerousness
contrasting probabliities
populations to samples

177
Q

analog magnitude system

A

cognitive mechanism used to estime whether two quantities difer in magnitude

  • estimation comparison and operation
  • large quantities but only approximate calculation
  • based on webers law
  • applied to both quantities and numbers
  • present in vertebrate and invertebrate species
178
Q

two brain areas associated with quantitive cognition

A

prefrontal cortex

intraparietal sulcus

179
Q

key neural correlate findings in quantitive cognition

A

distinct IPS neural populations respond to presentation types
single pfc neurons tuned to specific numerosities
lateral intreparietal encodes accumulated magnitudes

180
Q

define parental behaviour

A

activities on the part of the parents that influence the development of their offspring from conception to completed independence

  • it has evolved multiple times independelty
  • parental protection not always paired with selective attraction by offspring
  • present in invertebraes and vertebrates, particuarly in birds and mamals
  • multiple functions
181
Q

name 5 functions of parental behaviour

A 
shelter construction
grooming
thermoregulation
nourishment
protection
182
Q

define maternal care

A

behaviour that contrivutes to the growth, development, survival, and subsequent fitness of offspring

183
Q

maternal expenditure

A

the mothers effort (quantified as energy or time) required for infant care within a specific reproductive event

184
Q

maternal investment

A

behaviour in the form of care or effort that is invested in the current ofspring which reduces the capacity of the mother to invest in future offspring

185
Q

define life history strategies

A

the various investments in growth, reporduction and survivorship displayed by various species

186
Q

maternal decisions in life history strategies

A

rate of nutrient delivery
response to infant signals
parental conflict: infant need vs mother give

187
Q

4 types of maternal style

A

protective - mother responsible for approach, contact and nursing
restrictive - mother controls proximity and contact
relaxed - mother and infant responsible for approaches
rejecting - mother prevents nursing and limits contact

188
Q

factors affecting nursing style

A

social status
parity
social structure
social context

189
Q

hormonal regulation by steroids

A

prolactin - milk production, incubation, intensity of feeding
oxytocin - bond formation including allo-parents
testosteron - redction in makes (challenge hypothesis)
glucocorticoids, ACTH - brief separation from mother

190
Q

what is the epigenetic effect

A

amount of maternal licking and grooming affects how rat pups respond to stress later in life
modification of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in the hippocampus

191
Q

define imprinting

A

any kind of phase-sensitive learning (learning occuring at a particular age or particular life stage) that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behaviour

  • filial imprinting and sexual imprinting
  • critical period
  • not all targets show the same power
192
Q

response to separation under different conditions

A 
brief
-approach, follow
-produce signals
-HPA activation
-increased heart rate
prolonged
-reduced cardiovascular response
-reduced growth hormone secretion
193
Q

filial attachment

A

a strong emotional bond that an infant forms with a caregiver (such as a mother) especially when viewed as a basis for normal emotional and social development

194
Q

a few definitions of culture

A

the way we do things
a set of beliefs, customs, arts, norms and artifacts of a particular society at a given point in time
culture is what makes us smart
behaviour that is socially learned and transmitted across generations

195
Q

cultural learning

A

social learning and cooperation

social traditions

196
Q

cultures in chimps, whiten 1999

A

combined observations of as many field studies as possible in africa
39 behaviours found
customary
habituary
grooming-hand-clasp culture differences - in some sanctuaries (no genetic / environmental differences)
there were behaviours unique to certain geographical areas = culture and communities?

197
Q

ecological determinants in stone hammers

A

ecological determinants - used very differently by different cultures
used by many species

198
Q

potato washing

A

how was this behaviour transmitted
-provisioned population of japanese macaques in kpshima island
technique discovered by a young female
slowly transmitted to other group members of the same age
it may have been facilitated by humans

199
Q

social learning mechanisms:

individual vs social learning
-explain response facilitation

A

priming an action already in the individuals repetoire

200
Q

social learning mechanisms:

emulation learning

A

copying the outcome of the actions of a model. there are different forms of emulation depending on whether actual results or attempted results are copied

201
Q

social learning mechanisms:

imiative learning

A

copying the actions displayed by a model. historically it represented a serious challenge to associative learning because acquisition occurred before reinforcement had a chance to act. in this sense it is similar to reasoning

202
Q

observational fear conditioning

A

aquisition of a fear response towards a particular stimulus by observing a conspecific in an aversive circumstance rather than through direct experience with the source of aversive stimulation

  • quick aquisition
  • better learning for some biologically relevant stimuli
  • behaviour and attention channelled by genetic predispositions
  • fear to snakes or spiders
203
Q

alarm calling by belding’s ground squirrels

A

alarm calling upon spotting predator
whistles and trills for areial and terrestiral predators (in that order)
more likely to produce when kin are nearby
more

204
Q

social learning strategies - from whom do we learn from

A

majority-driven
prestige-driven
rank-driven

205
Q

cumulative culture

A

improving on improvements
a single individual is unlikely to discover it
are there any cases of cumulative culture in animals
does it apply t both tech and social norms?

206
Q

problem of peacock’s tails to darwin

A

evolution of disadvantageous traits
detrimental to theory of natural selection
=== IS FOR SEXUAL SELECTION

207
Q

sexual selection

what components is it made up off

A 
intra-sexual components
-within sex
-mate competition
inter-sexual competition
-between sec
-mate choice, courtship
208
Q

intrasexual selection, why

A

drives away rivals
size dimorphism
weapons

209
Q

intersexual selection, wgy

A

courtship and partner choice

ornaments

210
Q

why are females choosy

A

egg = few, large, expensive, limited

sperm - many, small, cheap, less limited

211
Q

explain bateman’s principle

A

reproductive success of females related to access to resources
males reporductive success relies on access to females

212
Q

as gamete size increases…

A

reproductive opportunities decreases and parental investment increases

213
Q

why is there a greater parental investment for females

A 
nutrients in gamtes
gestation
lactation
direct provisioning
defence against predators
inheritance of territory
214
Q

benefirits from mate choice for females

A 
avoidance of infected partners
good resources (nesting and food)
provisioning / defence of offspring
also results in good genes for offspring
215
Q

what is the handicap principle

A

only successful individuals can afford costly traits

216
Q

aspects informaing mate choice

A 
locating mate
species recognition
assessment of mate
-simple decision rules
-novel traits
-copy the choice of others
comparisons
-elaborated traits
-multiple cues
217
Q

some ways to locate mates

A

visuals
acoustic
olfactory
weakly electric fish

218
Q

how we develop mate preferences

A

no experience - genetically fixed

experience - sexual imprinting and learning

219
Q

developing a mate preference time scale

A 
learning 
-slow and impermanent
-repetition and reinforcement
-may be unspecific
imprinting
-sudden and permanent
-sensitive period
-specific
220
Q

brain role in mate choice

A

aquisition, processing, retention and use of information
brain = central organ, cognitive abilities and the brain result in complex behaviours
studied within and between species

221
Q

are clever mates chose

A

yes performance on cognitive tests chosen more often

however brain size measurements vary and is correlation not causation

222
Q

what are hormones

A

signalling molecules produced by glands to regulate behaviour

223
Q

male and female sex steroids

A

oestrogen, progesterone (sex, interest in sex, attractiveness)
testosterone (spematogenesis, sex, interest, courtship)

224
Q

hormones and sexual behaviours

A

hormones influence behaviour and behaviour influences hormones

225
Q

activation

A

as testosterone levels increase, mating attempts in the japanese quail increases

226
Q

synchronisation of reporductive physiology

A

plasma testosterone levels in red-winged blackbirds rise as male meets female then decreases as female bears young

227
Q

as testosterone increasing what can this accidentally cause

A

increase in aggression

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