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Psychology Year 1 > Social > Flashcards

Social Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term ‘social influence’ mean?

A

Any changes in the way an individual acts, thinks, or behaves as a result of interaction with another person or group of people

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2
Q

Explain the term ‘social values’.

A

A set of rules or guidelines telling us how to behave.

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3
Q

True or false? Our relationships with other people are a major influence on an individual’s behaviour, thought processes and emotions.

A

True.

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4
Q

True or false? The situation we are in has an effect on our behaviour, we don’t always act according to our free will.

A

True.

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5
Q

What is obedience?

A

Obedience is the tendency to comply with the commands of those in authority

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6
Q

What qualities does an authority figure often have?

A

They are usually older than the person that they are influencing, often wear a uniform or badge, they often possess power over others, they have a high position in society and are usually knowledgeable.

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7
Q

What major historical event caused many psychologists to look at obedience and human behaviour?

A

The Holocaust.

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8
Q

Explain the term dissent.

A

Where you may not agree with something but you are in a position where you must obey.

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9
Q

What is a term used to describe those who choose to not obey or outwardly disagree with the actions ordered?

A

They are said to be demonstrating independent behaviour.

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10
Q

What date was Milgrams study of obedience?

A

1963

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11
Q

Give the two aims of Milgrams study of obedience.

A

1) to investigate the level of obedience when told by an authority figure to give electric shocks. 2) to investigate ‘Germans are different hypothesis’

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12
Q

Briefly explain the ‘Germans are different hypothesis’.

A

This was the idea that there was something different about the way that German people were made that forced them to obey commands.

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13
Q

Describe the sample used in Milgrams study of obedience.

A

40 American males aged between 20-50 from various occupational backgrounds.

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14
Q

What type of sampling was used in Milgrams study of obedience?

A

Self selecting sample.

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15
Q

Which university did the Milgrams study of obedience take place in?

A

Yale university

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16
Q

How much were the participants paid in Milgrams study of obedience?

A

$4.50

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17
Q

What type of experiment was Milgrams study of obedience?

A

A laboratory experiment

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18
Q

Describe the procedure of Milgrams study of obedience.

A

A confederate and participant were asked to pick which role they would have, either the teacher or the learner. It was rigged so that the participant would always be the teacher. The learner was led to another room where they were strapped in to a chair and electrodes were attached to them. Participants were told that the electrode was attached to a shock generator in the other room. The participant was given a slight shock to demonstrate the equipment worked. The teacher was to read word pairs and then give the first half of the pair along with four options for the matching word. The learner had to select the correct word. For every incorrect response, an electric shock was administered increasing by 15 volts each time. Each time the participant hesitated, one of four verbal prods was given. Once the participant refused to continue, the experiment ended.

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19
Q

What were the four verbal prods used in Milgrams study of obedience?

A

Please continue, please go on. It is absolutely essential that you continue. The experiment requires that you continue. You have no other choice, you must go on.

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20
Q

Explain why the debrief Milgram gave was good.

A

The learners were reunited with the the participants to show that no harm had come to them. They were informed that their behaviour was normal and tests and questionnaires were issued to assess any damage caused.

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21
Q

In Milgrams study of obedience, how many people went up to the full voltage in Milgrams original study of obedience?

A

26 out of 40 went up to the full 450 volts (65%)

22
Q

What percentage of participants went up to 300 volts in Milgrams original study of obedience?

A

100%

23
Q

What were some examples of body language exhibited by the participants observed during Milgrams study of obedience?

A

Hesitation, covering their face, nervous laughter, sweating or even smoking.

24
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

Demand characteristics is where behaviour is altered because they know what the experiment was about.

25
Q

Describe the variation of Milgrams study whereby an ‘ordinary man’ gives the orders.

A

The status was removed from the experimenter to see if it was how the command was given that was influential or if it was the person. In this version there are two confederates. The experimenter gets called away and a the confederate leads the experiment. No voltage scale had been established. 16 out of 20 participants did not continue with the experiment. With the 16 that did not continue, the confederate takes over the role of administering the shocks leaving the participant to watch and record. All participants protested the actions of the confederate and 5 used physical means to stop the confederate.

26
Q

Describe the variation of Milgrams study whereby instructions were given over the phone.

A

The procedure was the same as the original apart from the fact that the experimenter gave instructions over the telephone. Compliance decreased to 21% and many administered a lower shock level or no shock at all but reported that they did as they were asked. When the authority figure wasn’t there, the participants found it easier to disobey.

27
Q

Describe the variation of Milgrams study where the experiment was conducted in a run down office block.

A

The experiment was not conducted at Yale university but instead at a run down office block. All other parts of the procedure were kept the same. 48% (compared to 65%) administered shocks of 450 volts.

28
Q

Why did the location of Milgrams experiment have an effect on the level of obedience?

A

A more formal setting made the experimenter seem legitimate.

29
Q

Describe the effect of location (a situational factor) on obedience and dissent.

A

The more official the location of the experiment, the more likely a participant is to obey. This is because the participants believe the study is very scientific and that the experimenter is competent. Milgram showed this in his studies as he did the original experiment at Yale university and then a variation at a run down office block. He found obedience was higher at Yale (66%) than at the office block (48%)

30
Q

Describe the effect of uniform (a situational factor) on obedience and dissent.

A

Wearing a uniform made the experimenter look more official and of a higher status in society. Therefore, when the experimenter did not wear a uniform, they had less authority. Milgram found that the percentage of people that obeyed when the experimenter was in a uniform was 66% however when without a uniform the percentage dropped to 20%.

31
Q

Describe the effect of proximity (a situational factor) on obedience and dissent.

A

The further away the experimenter was from the participant, the lower the rate of obedience. This is because there is less pressure to obey the authority figure when you can’t see them and so feel less obligated to comply. Milligram conducted a variation where the experimenter gave instructions via a telephone and found the percentage of people that obeyed up to maximum voltage was 22.5% compared to the experimenter being present which was 66%

32
Q

Describe the effect of choice/power (a situational factor) on obedience and dissent.

A

The more choice a person has over the situation, the less likely they are to obey. This is because they can stick within the boundaries of their beliefs and views, only obeying if they believe it to be the right thing.

33
Q

Fill in the blanks. Milligram proposed that our ______ tendency to obey those whom we perceive to be an _____ _____ is to keep our _____ society stable.

A

General, authority, figure, hierarchical.

34
Q

Define the term ‘agentic state’.

A

Following the orders of an authority figure and taking no responsibility for your actions.

35
Q

Define the term ‘autonomous state’.

A

Using your own free will to be independent and take responsibility for the consequences of your actions.

36
Q

Define the term ‘moral strain’.

A

When someone is in the agentic state so they obey orders but the person does not believe what they are doing is right.

37
Q

How does a person deal with moral strain? Explain this term.

A

By using defence mechanisms. These are mechanisms used by a person subconsciously to protect us from being consciously aware of thoughts or feelings that are too difficult to cope with.

38
Q

Define the term ‘destructive obedience’.

A

This is where obeying orders from others can lead to harm coming to other people.

39
Q

What is meant by a grounded theory? Give an example of a study theory that is grounded.

A

A grounded theory is one in which the research and study were carried out before coming up with a theory to explain it.

40
Q

When would GRAVE be used?

A

For evaluating a study.

41
Q

When would SCODA be used?

A

For evaluating a theory.

42
Q

What does GRAVE stand for?

A

Generalisability, Reliability, Application, Validity, Ethics.

43
Q

What does SCODA stand for?

A

Supporting studies, Criticisms, Opposing studies, Different theory, Application.

44
Q

What year was the agency theory?

A

1973

45
Q

Hoflin is a supporting study to the Agency theory. Briefly describe his study.

A

This experiment was a field experiment. It was carried out on real nurses working a real shift. A doctor, who was a confederate, gave orders to the nurses to give an overdose to the patients. He recorded how many obeyed the commands even though they knew that the dose was fatal. 21 out of 22 did go to administer the overdose before they were stopped.

46
Q

Who came up with the Social Impact Theory? When?

A

Latane (1981)

47
Q

What were the three factors that Latane (1981) identified?

A

Importance, immediacy, number of sources of influence.

48
Q

What were the names Latane gave to the two types of people he observed?

A

Sources and targets.

49
Q

When can compliance be observed?

A

Compliance can be seen as a result of the source exploiting their position of power to make the target feel as if they must do something and they don’t get a choice.

50
Q

What does the term ‘reductionist’ mean?

A

This is when you take a very large and complex idea and then break it down into a smaller component to create a theory.

51
Q

Give a study that supports Latane’s theory of Social Impact and briefly outline the study and the effect on obedience.

A

Milgram’s two stooges variation. In this study, Milgram introduced two stooges that refused to deliver harmful shocks. The participant believed their involvement to be genuine. The presence of the stooges lowered obedience and therefore demonstrates the divisional effect of one source on many targets.

52
Q

Describe the general characteristics of someone who is an authoritarian personality.

A

Typically submissive to authority and therefore obeys due to personal dispositions rather than the effect of the source.

Psychology Year 1 (4 decks)

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