Social Flashcards
Actor-observer effect
attributions of neg events - personality factors for others, situational factors for self
Attribution
Internal/external
Dispositional/situational
Stable/unstable
Specific/global
Central trait
Greater impact than others on impression
Balance Theory
attitude change when two people have attitudes toward that same object
Barnum effect
someone finds personal meaning in a statement that could apply to anyone
Behavioral Confirmation
people are motivated to confirm expectations others have on them, but not negative
Cannon-Bard Theory
emtoions and bodily reactions occur at the same time
Cognitive dissonance theory
modifying congition when committed to something inconsistent with belief
Congruity Theory
making predictions about which attitude changes on top of Balance Theory
deindividuation
suspending one’s self-identity and adopting identity of group
Diffusion of responsibility
best chances of receiving help when only 1 bystander, the more, the lower chances
Effectiveness research
studies psychotherapy as it is actually practiced
Efficacy research
tight experimental control maximizes interal validity
effort justification
spending sig time on unworthy task
effort justification
spending sig time on unworthy task
fundamental attribution error
attributes others’ failures to dispositional causes and underestimating situational variables
Hedonic bias (self-serving bias)
people attribute own successes to internal factors and failures to external factors
idiosyncrasy credits
tolerated for bering deviant from group norms; earned by initially conforming
illusory correlation
tendency to overestimate slightly or un-correlated variables
informational social influence
pressure to conform based on the assumption that other person has more info
inoculation
given a mild argument against one’s belief and the belief strengthens (like vaccines)
insufficient deterrence
does not perform desirable beh because of small deterrent
insufficient justification
performs undesirable beh for small inducement
interactional justice
informational justice & interpersonal justice
James-Lange Theory
emotions result from perceiving bodily reactions or reponses
Kelley’s Personal Construct Theory
we perceive the world according to what we expect to see
Lewin’s field theory
beh is a function of the interaction between person and environment
Milgram’s study
providing shocks, power and obedience
normative social influence
pressure to conform based on a need for approval and acceptance by group
Overjustification Hypothesis
people loss interest after performing them for incentives; intrinsic -> extrinsic
post decisional dissonance
faced with two good choices
post decisional dissonance
faced with two good choices
primacy effect
person who speaks first remembered best in long gap situations
principle of parsimony (Occam’s Razor)
best explanation is simplest and requires the fewest assumptions
reactance
feel pressured by a message and increases resistance to persuasion
reactance theory
not comply with request when freedom is threatened
recency effect
person who speaks last remebered best in smaller gap situations
reference group
people we admire, like and want to resemble
Rosenthal effect (self-fulfilling prophecy)
cues by the experimenter that results in subjects conforming
Schacter’s 2-factor theory
emotions result from internal (hypothalamus and limbic sys) and external (context) cues
Self-Enhancement Theory
people are motivated to think favorably of themselves and behave for others to think so too
Self-perception Theory
people infer their attitudes by observing their beh
self-serving bias
attributes own success to disposition factors and failures to situational factors
Self-verification Theory
people are motivated to confirm their self-concept, even if negative
sleeper effect
forgetting the source of communication over time, but remembering the message
Social exchange theory
choosing most favorable reward to cost ratio as partner
social facilitation
task performance increase in presence of others (taske simple or familiar)
social identity theory
own’s group more attractive and belittling outgroups
social inhibitation
task performance decline in presence of others (task novel or complex)
social loafing
don’t work as hard when part of a group
Symmetry Theory
considering intensity of relationship on top of Balance Theory
Whitbourne’s self-concept model
identity assimilation, identity accommodation, identity balance
Learned helplessness
A learned expectation leads to depression
