Social Flashcards
0
Q
Internal and external locus of control are critical components of —— theories.
A
Attribution
1
Q
What is the over justification hypothesis?
A
Is based on research that says that if external rewards or incentives are offered for activities that had previously been intrinsically motivated, there will be a decrease in interest in the rewarded activity.
2
Q
The ratio of inputs and outputs related to —– theory.
A
Equity theory which is a cognitive theory of motivation.
3
Q
What is the Gain-Loss theory?
A
Proposes that the people we like the most are those who initially don’t like us and then change and grow to like us. This results from feeling that we have gained something.
4
Q
What is Equity theory?
A
Calls for a fair balance between an employees inputs (hard work, skill, level, tolerance, enthusiasm,) and her outputs (salary, benefits, recognition).
5
Q
What is the self perception theory?
A
A theory about attitudes and states that people infer their attitudes from watching their own behaviors. ( I listen to classical music a lot so that must mean I like it a lot)
6
Q
What term is applied to the view that in order to understand a person, one must understand his environment and cultural background?
A
Emic
7
Q
What term would one use where we assume that they are universal principles underlying personality, psychopathology, and psychotherapy.
A
Etic
8
Q
What does an nomothetic approach involved?
A
I nomothetic approach involves observations of groups.
9
Q
What is an idiographic approach?
A
And idiographic approach, by contrast, involve closely observing one or a few individuals for example PIJ developed his theories on relatively few children.
10
Q
Research on sex-role stereotypes have found that men and women are seen as what regarding confidence and regarding traditionally female and male tasks?
A
Research on sex role stereotypes is found that men are seen as more confident by both men and women. Study that looked at attributions found that the success of mail that was consistently attributed to ability regardless of the type of task, while the success of females was attributed to ability only on the traditionally female task, and to luck on the traditionally male task.
11
Q
According to attribution theory, learned helplessness is most likely to result from attributions that are what?
A
Global, stable, and internal. And learned helplessness, the individual experiences a pervasive sense of ineffectiveness and bring about desired results research is demonstrated that the attribution of negative events to an sternal got internal, stable, and global causes increases the likelihood of experiencing depression, helplessness, hopelessness. An example of a global, stable, internal attribution would be telling oneself I’m always going to be a stupid loser after having been rejected by medical school.
12
Q
What is George Kelly’s theory?
A
Is the personal construct theory
13
Q
What’s very positive that people experience the world in whole, not affect of her cognitive fragments.
A
Gestalt
14
Q
What is George Kelly’s personal construct Theory say? How does this theory view people? What grid did he develop?
A
George Kelly described ordinary people of scientists who are constantly forming, testing, and revising hypotheses about the world around them. His personal concert series based on the fundamental postulate that a person’s processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he anticipates events, being that we perceive the world according to what we expect to see. According to Kelly, these expectations are based on our past experiences. As our experiences change, we revise our expectations.
views people as active and future oriented
Developed the Repertory Grid Technique to map a client’s conceptual model of the world (constructs) without contamination by the interviewer’s constructs.
15
Q
What is the cognitive dissonance theory?
A
The cognitive dissonance theory posits that people change their attitudes to match their behavior because they experience dissonance when they become aware of inconsistencies among the cognitions.
16
Q
What is response polarization?
A
Response polarization is the tendency for people and groups to become more extreme in their views.
17
Q
What is risky shift?
A
Risky shift refers to the tendency for people in groups to make riskier decisions then they would if they were deciding alone.
18
Q
What is groupthink?
A
Groupthink occurs when groups members are seeking concurrence, consensus, and unanimity. It involves suspending critical evaluative capacities and decision-making.
19
Q
What is distributive or outcome justice?
A
Distributive or outcome justice has its roots and social equity theory and the first of the satisfaction of participants in a process like mediation when they believe that the outcome of the processes both very favorable.
20
Q
What is procedural justice?
A
Procedural justice refers to participants satisfaction based on the perceived fairness of the process used to come to a decision. For example, if the couple was satisfied with the mediation because they felt the mediator was successfully impartial or that they had equal opportunity to be heard, this should be an example of procedural justice.
21
Q
What is interactional justice?
A
Interactional justice is defined as the quality of interpersonal treatment received during the process, and reflects concerns about the fairness of nonprocedural aspects of the interaction.
22
Q
Interactional justice is composed of two parts what are they?
A
The two components are informational justice and interpersonal justice. Informational justice refers to the appropriateness of the explanation given for the procedures used, while interpersonal justice refers to the manner in which people are treated by 30 figures in the decision-making process as in whether they were treated with politeness, dignity, and respect.
23
Q
What is another word for dissonance?
A
Discomfort
24
What systemic approach is indicated when treating African-American clients?
Multisystems is recommended this approach takes into consideration that there are many intersecting systems that affect the lives of African-Americans such as family, political process, social services etc. in particular it is yours and appreciation for political and socio-cultural variables.
25
What is reactance?
Refusing to comply with a suggestion. This occurs when people feel pressured by iMessage and increase the resistance to persuasion.
26
What is groupthink?
Groupthink occurs when good members to spend their independent judgment, favoring unanimity.
27
When is groupthink usually happen?
In highly cohesive groups with autocratic leaders.
28
What is response polarization?
Also known as group polarization, occurs when individuals become more extreme interviews after joining group of like-minded people.
29
What is another term for the self-serving bias?
Hedonic bias meaning people attribute their success is to internal factors and failures to external factors.
30
Who created the cognitive dissonance theory?
Festinger
31
What is cognitive dissonance?
People experienced dissonance when they hold conflicting connect cognitions or when they behave in a manner which conflicts with existing cognitions.
32
Zimbardo studied what?
Embargo studied the influence of groups on individual behavior. Based on his work is been found that D individuation and anonymity contribute to aggressive behavior by typically placid individuals.
33
What is D individuation?
D individuation refers to the process of suspending one's private self identity and adopting instead the identity of the group along with decreased self-awareness and self-regulation. The critical factor in D individuation is anonymity.
34
What is conformity and how does it apply to deindividuation?
Unanimity is a factor that is crucial in conformity and not deindividuation conformity is the process of changing one's behavior as a result of real or imagined to pet pressure and is not talked to be a critical factor in deindividuation
35
What is the sheriffs study of the autokinetic effect?
It investigated conformity behavior
36
Group decision-making is most likely to be adversely affected by what two things?
Response polarization and groupthink
37
What is another word for response polarization and what is it?
Response polarization also known as group polarization, describes the tendency for people and groups to become more extreme in their views. As a result, group members tend to make decisions but I'm more extreme than they would if they were on their own.
38
What is groupthink?
It occurs and highly cohesive groups when group members seek unanimity, ignoring important information and suspending individual critical thinking.
39
_____ is the originator of attribution theory.
Heider (1958)
40
Name two types of attributions.
dispositional and situational
41
Harold Kelley proposed that when people make attributions, they consider three types of information: what are they?
consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus
42
According to Harold Kelley, define consistency, one of the types of information used to make an attribution.
whether the person behaves the same way over time. (consistently rude or obnoxious) if they are consistently rude they are HIGH if it's rare, they are LOW
43
According to Harold Kelley, define distinctiveness, one of the types of information used to make an attribution.
Whether the behavior is unique to a situation or stimulus. If rude only at work, the behavior is HIGH, if they are rude all the time, the behavior is LOW in distinctiveness
44
According to Harold Kelley, define consensus, one of the types of information used to make an attribution.
Whether other people in the same situation respond similarly. If people at work are all rude then the behavior is HIGH in consensus, if the person is the only rude one, the behavior is LOW in consensus.
45
According to Harold Kelley, internal attributions for behaviors are made when they are ____ in consistency, ____ in distinctiveness, and ____ in consensus.
high consistency
low distrinctiveness
low consensus
46
According to Harold Kelley, external attributions for behaviors are made when they are ____ in consistency, ____ in distrinctiveness, and ____ in consensus.
high consistency
high distinctiveness
high consensus
47
What is another word for dispositional attribution?
internal attribution
48
What is another word for situational attribution?
external attribution
49
Weiner added a second dimension to the study of attributions what is it?
stability
50
Learned helplessness includes what in terms of attributions?
internal, stable, and global
51
What is meant by the term "illusion of control?"
Research done by Abramsom and Alloy demonstrated that non depressed people have unrealistically positive assessments of their ability to control outcomes known as illusion of control.
52
What is meant by the term "sadder but wiser?"
Research done by Abramsom and Alloy demonstrated that depressed people are able to make more accurate appraisals.
53
Another term for the self serving bias is the ___ bias.
hedonic
54
What are heuristics? What are the three heuristics?
shortcuts or guidelines that people use to categorize other people, situations, or events used to simplify thinking but lead to incorrect judgements.
1. availability heuristic
2. representative heuristic
3. simulation heuristic
55
What is the availability heuristic?
people estimate the likelihood of something happening by how easily they can recall it. Witnessed frequently. If you ask them what is the more common method of death, firearm or asthma, people will say firearm but it's asthma. (dad does this by watching the news all the time)
56
What is a representative heuristic?
people make judgments about others based on what they believe is typical - they hear rape and assume a man raped a woman
57
What is a simulation heuristic?
people develop mental images of situations and make judgments about facts in their lives - drs asked whether they had ever imagined contracting AIDS, and those who had, believed themselves to be at greater risk
58
What is an attitude?
An attitude is a learned predisposition to respond to a particular stimulus or situation. It can be formed from direct and indirect experience.
59
What are the three components of attitudes and what are they?
1. Cognitive - thoughts and beliefs, or a person might believe that abortion is not ok
2. Affective - feelings - the person who opposes abortion may be angry that it is legal
3. Behavioral - acting - protest outside an abortion clinic
60
What does research say is the correlation between cognitions and affect with behavior?
weak about .15
61
What is situational constraint related to attitudes?
no acting on your cognitions and affect about something because of the situation
62
What do consistency theories propose? How many are there and what are they?
That attitude formation and change are organized by a need to impose structure and order on one's understanding of the environment.
There are four: Balance theory, symmetry theory, congruity theory, cognitive dissonance theory
63
Describe the consistency theory named balance (Heider 1946) theory?
Balanced = all positively related, or one is positive and two are negative
unbalanced state = all elements are negative or one is negative and two are positive
Joe and Beth both really like Obama (all pos - balanced)
Joe and Beth both dislike Obama (1 pos and 2 neg - balanced)
Joe and Beth one likes one dislikes (2 pos, 1 neg - not balanced)
Joe and Beth don't like each other or Obama (all neg - not balanced)
64
Describe the symmetry theory (Newcomb 1961) named balance theory?
Extends balance theory and says the stronger the bond between 2 people, the more intense the imbalance will be felt and the stronger the motivation will be to change attitudes.
65
Describe the consistency theory named congruity theory (Osgood, 1961)?
Further extends balance theory and says that the person will favor the object toward which they already feel more affinity. So if Joe's affinity for Beth is stronger than for Obama, Joe is likely to decrease his support for the candidate to bring the relationship in more balance. Or vice versa.
66
Describe the consistency theory named cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger 1957)?
the most popular. people change their attitudes to reduce aversive arousal they experience when they become aware of inconsistency in their cognitions. This happens when the person holds a particular attitude but has behaved as if they had the complete opposite. People change their attitudes to match their actions.
67
Attitude change happens from cognitive dissonance - four kinds what are they?
1. postdecisional dissonance
2. effort justification dissonance
3. insufficient justification
4. insufficient deterrence
68
What is post decisional dissonance?
the person is faced with 2 good choices and she becomes upset at not choosing one of the alternatives and emphasizes the positive features of what she chose.
69
What is Effort justification dissonance?
the person is upset at having spent lots of time on a goal that turns out not to be very worthwhile (like dating Mark) and then emphasizes the positive qualities of the goal (I learned a lot about myself).
70
What is insufficient justification? (dissonance)
when i perform an undesriable behavior for a small inducement, i emphasize the positive qualities of the behavior. (i may not be paid well, but I'm helping people)
71
What is insufficient deterrence?
when a person does not perform a desirable action because of a small deterrent and then emphasizes the negative aspects of the action. (ah, i didn't want to do that anyway)
72
____ is a competing theory to the consistency theories.
Self perception theory (Daryl Bem)
73
What is self perception theory?
If i did it, I believe it.
74
What is a self concept theory called self verification theory?
Swann. People are motivated to confirm their self concept even if negative. Depressed people will actively discount positive feedback and seek out feedback that confirms a negative view of themselves. This is the most robust theory of the three.
75
What is a self concept theory called behavioral confirmation theory?
people are motivated to confirm the expectations that others have of them (some research does not support this what about people who want to prove you wrong?)
76
What is a self concept theory called self enhancement theory?
people are motivated to think favorably of themselves and behave in ways that cause others to see them favorably as well.
77
When it comes to persuasion, how does characteristics of the source influence persuasion? What is the sleeper effect?
unimportant matters - the source should be likeable, similar to the audience, and attractive.
deeply held matters - the credibility of the source is most important, this includes trustworthiness, having little to gain, and expertise.
the sleeper effect is when people forget the source of the communication but remember the message
78
What has research shown in terms of women and men trying to persuade?
There's a double standard. Women are more effective in persuading men if they use tentative speech like "I'm not an expert" but have to use more powerful speaking style when speaking to just women. The most persuasive female communicators combine assertive language with non-verbal cues that communicate friendliness and cooperation.
79
How do the characteristics of the message influence persuasion?
Both logic and emotion work. Fear is a good tactic but must be believable and specific instructions must be given to avoid danger.
80
What is the primacy and recency effect related to persuasion?
When there is a long gap between a speech and a desired action (voting in an election), the speaker who speaks first will be remembered first (primacy effect).
When there is a short gap (like a few days), the speaker who speaks last will be remembered best (recency effect).
81
What do the characteristics of the audience have to do with persuasion?
easiest to influence: moderate self esteem, moderate discrepancy in attitude, higher vulnerability, higher level of involvement with the idea or product.
Present both sides when: the listener is opposed, well informed and intelligent
Present one side when: the listener favors the argument, is poorly informed, and not intelligent.
82
What is reactance theory (re persuasion)?
People will not comply with requests or attempts to be persuaded if they feel their freedom is threatened. They regain control by refusing to comply. The stronger the coersion, the stronger the reactance making the person more resistant to persuasion or compliance.
83
The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion says there are two ways in which people are persuaded, ____ route or the _____ route.
peripheral route or the central route
84
What is the peripheral route of persuasion?
beautiful people don't lie
the focus is on aspects not central to the message and based on attractiveness of the speaker, their expertise, the speaker's similarity to the audience
85
What is the central route of persuasion?
thinking about whatever relevant information is available and elaborating on the message's arguments. Taking the central route requires both the ability to process the message, motivation to change or willingness to think deeply about ideas. This is enduring, resists further change and predicts behavior.
86
How does inoculation work as a technique to resist persuasion?
a person is given a mild argument (like a vaccine) against a belief, and then practices refuting this mild argument
87
Research shows that the best way to combat prejudice is to encourage ____ rather than _____ with groups.
cooperation
| competition
88
What are superordinate goals?
Goal that are higher than individual goals and can only be achieved with both groups working together and are of benefit to both parties
89
Research has shown that the best outcome measure of intergroup relations in programs in schools is?
behavioral interaction or playing together
90
Research shows that when forming impressions of others, one tends to view another favorably if the person first appears ____ and then does not make mistakes as compared with a person who _____ at first and then succeeds.
competent
| fails at first
91
What did Rosenhan's 1973 study prove related to person perception and impression formation?
people's perception is influenced by cognitive components because individuals actively try to develop coherent and meaningful impressions of others. 7 people said they heard voices but otherwise nothing were mostly given a diagnosis of schizophrenia and kept 19 days in the hospital despite not having other symptoms
92
What does social comparison theory say?
we compare ourselves to others in order to evaluate our own behaviors, attitudes and abilities.
upward comparisons and downward comparisons can both raise and lower self esteem
93
With respect to attractiveness, how important is physical attractiveness?
one of the most important factors in our initial liking and loving of others.
94
What is the matching hypothesis?
that people of equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other
95
How does proximity affect attractiveness?
it promotes attraction because of exposure
96
How does similarity affect attractiveness?
people with similar backgrounds and values tend to form intimate relationships
97
What is "need complementarity?"
opposites attract
98
What is reciprocity hypothesis in terms of attractiveness?
People tend to like others who like them
99
What is social exchange theory?
looks at how attraction is affected by the costs and benefits of being in a relationship (benefits v liabilities) when the costs outweighs the benefits, the attraction declines
100
Research also shows that ____ heightens attraction (Schacter 1959)
arousal
people about to get an electric shock became anxious and affiliated with one another
misery loves miserable company
101
What is bystander apathy?
individuals failing to help a victim when other bystanders are present
102
What is diffusion of responsibility?
the tendency to assume that someone else will respond and take action -
104
Who are the people most likely to help when something is happening to a victim?
People with useful skills like doctors or those who have experienced a similar situation themselves
105
What do theories about aggression say about instincts?
Aggression is about survival of the fittest and prevents over crowding. Most psychologists reject these.
106
What do theories about aggression say about biological theories?
This theory has suggested that there are "aggression centers" in the brain especially the hypothalamus and amygdala as well as other parts of the limbic system. A second line of biological research has focused on the role of hormones especially testosterone.
107
What do theories about aggression say about frustration-aggression hypothesis?
Dollard 1939 proposed that frustration leads to aggression. There are mixed tests results about whether this is always true.
108
What do theories about aggression say about social learning theories?
Social learning theorists believe we learn to be aggressive by observing models behaving aggressively and by seeing others being rewarded for aggressive behavior. Cross cultural research in five countries found that TV violence did increase aggressiveness and that children do seek out violent programs. Several studies found that when TV is introduced to new areas of the world, that there is an abrupt and dramatic increase in homicide rates.
109
What do theories about aggression say about group membership?
group membership strongly influences all of our behaviors including aggression. Deindividuation is one form of group influence on aggression. Group roles (like prison guards) also influence aggression.
110
What do theories about aggression say about crowding?
crowding affects aggression and it tends to affect men more than women and leads to a heightened sense of arousal for both positive and negative emotions.
111
What are two widely researched areas of social influence?
Conformity and obedience
112
What is conformity?
changing one's behavior as a result of real or imagined social group pressure
113
What was Sherif's 1935 study? And what is the autokinetic effect?
This study on conformity was the tendency for people to experience a stationary point of light to be moving in a darkened room. But Sherif noticed that individual's judgment depended on the group's judgment. People changed their minds to conform with the group.
114
What was Asch's 1951 study?
People were shown three lines and asked to select the line closest to the fourth line. People purposely answered incorrectly and others conformed with the incorrect answers. Ash found that group size and unanimity were major influencing factors.
115
Three factors influence conformity, what are they?
normative social influence
information social influence
reference groups
116
What is normative social influence? What does this have to do with?
conformity. this is pressure to conform based a need to be accepted by the group. person's choice of clothing is influenced by the type of clothes his friends wear.
117
What is informational social influence? What does this have to do with?
conformity. pressure to conform based on the assumption that the other preson has more information than you. a person buys a brand of ski equipment because a friend is an avid skiier recommended it.
118
What is reference groups influence? What does this have to do with?
conformity. these are groups we admire, like and want to resemble. we buy wheaties because of the endorsement of a famous athlete.
119
People's behaviors are ____ influenced by the _____ of the small groups of which they are members. For example, research has shown that teenagers are more influenced by their peers sexual behaviors than by knowledge of HIV prevention.
highly
| informal norms
120
The likelihood of a person with the minority view influencing a group on a different and majority view will depend on whether he/she _____ in expressing his/her position, is ____ yet _____, and is ______ consistent and ______. Also the degree to which he/she is consistent with the dominant _______ of the group, and the extent to which the individual agrees with the ______ regarding most other groups issues.
```
persistent
firm yet flexible
logically consistent and coherent
social culture majority view
(sounds like grounded, flexible, intelligent, firm on your position, and not TOO different from the group)
```
121
When a person initially conforms with the group's norms he/she has earned ______. And if he/she has earned these, the group is more tolerant when he/she later deviates from certain group norms.
idiosyncrasy credits
122
What was Milgram's study on obedience?
Subjects were intstructed to shock subjects when the subject gave a wrong answer. slight shock, to danger. No shock was given but the subjects uttered sounds, pleading to stop and silence. 65% of the subjects obeyed the commands and administered the more severe levels of shock.
123
The key factors that play a role in obedience include ____, ____ and _____.
power of persons in positions of authority
placement of responsibility (subjects were assured the experimenter would take responsibility in Milgram's study)
gradualism (the levels of shock were gradually increased)
124
In Milgram's shock treatment experiments, the mild level of shock (or gradualism) worked as a _____ technique whereby once a participant complied with the initial request, they felt trapped by his or her behavior and the nature of the situation.
foot in the door technique
125
What key factor has been shown to reduct obedience ?
Witnessing a disobedient model.
126
What are the three types of groups tasks?
additive
disjunctive
conjunctive
127
What is an additive task for a group?
group members separate performances are added to produce a combined effect. a group of scientists and engineers combine their talents to construct a space shuttle.
128
What is a disjunctive task for a group?
the outcome is affected by the performance of the most effective group member. a group meets to decide how to improve the company's marketing strategy, and one person comes up with an outstanding idea.
129
What is a conjunctive task for a group?
the group's accomplishment is limited by the performance of the least effective member. one member of the team oversees quality control sleeps during his shift resulting in significant product errors.
130
What was the Zimbardo Stanford study of 1978 regarding groups?
The prison/prisoner study. Stopped after 6 days.
131
What is deindividuation? What is required? What is the key factor to deindividuation?
suspending one's private self identity and adopting the group's identity
decreased self awareness and decreased self regulation
anonymity and not just group membership (Zimbardo, NYU, KKK outfits gave higher shocks)
132
Group decision making has been described as being influenced by three phenomena, what are they?
risky shift
group polarization
groupthink
133
What is risky shift and what is it related to? What are the benefits?
group decision making
it is the tendency for individuals to make riskier decisions in groups than if they were deciding as individuals
The benefits are that groups can be more creative and innovative than individuals working alone.
134
What is response polarization and what is it related to? And what is another word for it?
also, group polarization
related to group decision making
people to become more extreme in their views when in a group
135
What is groupthink and what is it related to?
related to group decision making
happens in highly cohesive groups
it is when group members seek concurrence, consensus, and unanimity, they think alike and lose their critical evaluative capacities due to social pressure to conform
136
Research has shown three phenomena with respect to the effects of groups on task behaviors, what are they?
social facilitation
social inhibition
social loafing
137
What is social facilitation? What is it related to?
the effect of groups on task performance
when individual performance is enhanced by the mere presence of others. social facilitation occurs most when the task is simple and familiar.
138
What is social inhibition? What is it related to?
the effect of groups on task performance
the opposite of social facilitation, when the task is compromised by the presence of others and usually involves a complex or novel task.
139
What is social inhibition? What is it related to?
people don't work as hard on a task when they are part of a group as they would if they were working alone. this happens when people believe their individual efforts will be anonymous and thus not subject to individual evaluation.
140
What is ETIC versus EMIC?
ETIC - a universal view of people, historically psychology has taken an individualistic perspective highly valuing traits such as autonomy and self actualization.
EMIC - or culture specific view is now encouraged. Every culture has its own norms and values and no one model of mental health can be applied to all.
141
Studies have demonstrated that higher rates of psychiatric hospitalizations in the US for immigrant groups especially in _____. Psychiatric problems tend to peak between ___ and ____ years after immigration.
young men
| 1 - 3 years
142
J.W. Berry has proposed the 3 key factors in acculturation are?
cultural maintenance
cultural contact
cultural participation
143
What are Berry's four strategies of acculturation?
assimilation, separation, integration, marginalization
144
What is assimilation?
do not maintain their cultural identity and seek regular interaction with other cultures
145
What is separation?
place value on their original culture and avoid interaction with people from other cultures
146
What is integration?
people maintain their original culture while interacting with other cultures
147
What is marginalization?
people don't maintain their original culture and do not seek interaction with other cultures
148
The following diagnoses are found througought the world despite culture: (4) What are the prevalence rates around the world?
bipolar, schizophrenia, panic disorder, OCD
prevalence the same
149
What are idioms of distress?
the "illness language" of a particular culture. there are culturally preferred ways of expressing distress such as somatic complaints, witchcraft and possession, or even violent behavior.
150
Somatic complains are viewed by contemporary theorists as a _____ phenomenon and not as a reflection of defensiveness or lack of psychological sophistication.
sociocultural
151
What is a culture bound syndrome? Give an example?
psychiatric disorders that are found only in a particular cultural group - like anorexia is a western bound syndrome.
152
People with the lowest of SES are likely to have __ to ___ times higher levels of mental illness.
2-3x
153
Lower SES+education have a ____ drop out rate than higher SES + education. When lower SES/ed remain in therapy they receive ____ benefit than those with higher SES/ED.
higher drop out rate
| benefit the same
154
What is the difference between homophobia and heterosexism?
homophobia implies fear and hatred of gays and lesbians
heterosexism refers to ideas and actions to denigrate non heterosexual behavior. this can occur on cultural and psychological levels.
155
R.R. Troiden developed a model of gay and lesbian identity development that has four stages, what are they?
1 - sensitization
2 - identity confusion
3- identity assumption
4- commitment
156
What is stage one sensitization of gay/lesbian development?
happens before puberty, the child feels different from peers, may be marginalized, and ultimately internalizes a negative self concept. the child's sense of feeling different has more to do with gender (feeling different from others boys and girls) than to sexuality.
157
What is stage 2 identity confusion of gay/lesbian development?
around 17/18, there is a growing feeling of homosexual feelings and impulses and feelings of being excluded from the rest of the world. this creates a lot of conflict and some resort to denial, avoidance, or repair (attempt to be heterosexual).
158
What is stage 3 identity assumption of gay/lesbian development? There are four strategies, what are they?
the main task is to manage social stigma. around 19-22, more contact with other gays/lesbians
1. capitulation - agreeing with society's negative view though identifying as homosexual
2. minstralization - acting out with stereotypical homosexual behavior
3. passing - hiding homosexuality most of the time while identifying as homosexual to oneself and/or a select few
4 group alignment - immersing oneself in the gay/lesbian communities while still harboring negative attitudes about being gay
159
What is stage 4 commitment of gay/lesbian development?
22-23 and involves an integration of homosexual identity, they are more open about their sexual orientation better able to make same sex commitments and are generally happier.
160
What is proxemics?
the use of personal space related to cultures
161
What is kinesics?
body movements, including facial expressions, and eye contact related to cultures
162
What is paralanguage?
vocal cues, including loudness, pauses, and rate of speech related to cultural communication
163
What is a low context communication style and what culture uses it more?
the meaning of the communication is based on what is explicitly said - what matters are the words - be direct - middle class white america uses this
164
What is a high context communication style and what culture uses it more?
the situation and non verbal cues significantly affect the meaning of what is verbalized, the same words can have an entirely different meaning depending on how and when they are said. AA, Latinos, Philipinos, Native Americans use this.
165
Describe the conformity stage of the minority development model?
stage one, the minority unequivocally prefers the dominant culture and has negative attitudes about oneself, one's own minority group, as well as other minority groups.
166
Describe the dissonance stage of the minority development model?
the person begins to appreciate aspects of the minority culture and to question the values and cusltoms of the dominant culture.
167
Name the stages of the minority identity development model. (atkinson, Morton, and Sue, 1993)
Conformity, dissonance, resistance, introspection, synergetic articulation and awareness
168
Describe the resistance stage of the minority development model? What else is it called?
Immersion. completely endorse minority held views and reject dominant culture. the person eperiences conflict between ethnocentrism and empathy for other minority groups. racial pride is substitued for previous self hatred.q
169
Describe the introspection stage of the minority development model?
deeper analysis of attitudes and feelings. starting to see both sides. ethnocentrism decreasing and is replaced by an interest in the oppression experienced by other groups.
170
Describe the synergetic articulation and awareness stage of the minority development model? And what else is it called?
Integrative Awareness. both appreciative and critical of both cultures and other minority cultures.
171
What is Jackson's model of a Black person's identity?
assumes identity is strongly influenced by experiences of racism and oppression and moves through four stages:
1. passive acceptance
2. active resistance
3. redirection
4. internalization
172
According to Cross's model of an American Black's identity model has five stages.
1. preencounter (conformity)
2. Encounter (dissonance)
3. immersion-emersion (resistance)
4. internalization (introspection)
5. internalization-commitment (synergetic articulation and awareness)
173
Helms white racial identity model has 6 stages, what are they?
1. contact
2. disintegration
3. reintregation
4. pseudo-independence
5. immersion-emersion
6. autonomy
174
Helms's first stage of white identity model is?
contact - fairly ignorant, don't recognize racism and their own white privilege, there maybe a curiosity, timidity, or trepidation about people of color and superficial inconsistent awareness of being white. some people remain here indefinitely.
175
Helms's 2nd stage of white identity model is?
disintegration - feel uncomfortable with the advantages of being white, and deny the existence of racism or avoid people of color
176
Helms's 3rd stage of white identity model is?
reintegration - consciously acknowledges being white, and superior position and accepts the difference
177
Helms's 4th stage of white identity model is?
pseudo-independence - whites try to disavow their own whiteness, associate with people of color may be alienated from whites and found suspicious from people of color
178
Helms's 5th stage of white identity model is?
immersion/emersion - self examine, and seek information, examines own racial identity striving to replace myths about race with accurate information. one out come may be trying to change white people and their attitues towards people of color.
179
Helms's 6th stage of white identity model is?
autonomy - achieves a positive redefinition of being white that includes ongoing openness to new information and new ways of thinking about racial and cultural variables.
180
What is the ethnic census breakdown in the US?
```
AA 12%
Hispanics 12%
Native Americans 1%
Asians 4%
Whites 75%
```
181
About ____ of all new entrants into the workforce are minorities.
1/3 or 33%
182
Interventions with hispanics should be ____, ____, and _____. _____ approaches are useful. They respond best to ____ and individual attention.
active, concrete, and problem solving
family
informality
183
What are culture bound syndromes found with African Americans?
isolated sleep paralysis and falling out (fainting)
184
Overall whites are ____ as likely than blacks to commit suicide. Suicide rates for young black men are ____ than those of young white men.
twice as likely
| equal to those
185
What is cultural paranoia?
a healthy suspiciousness baed on real experiences of racism.
186
For AA, the therapeutic relationship should be ___.
egalitarian
187
What is mean by "collateral" and "lineal" culturally?
```
collateral = collective
lineal = clear lines of authority
```
188
What are culture bound syndromes for Asian americans?
neuasthenia and hwa byung or suppressed anger syndrom involving palpitations, headache, dysphoria, and anxiety nad PTSD
189
Asian americans prefer what in tx?
structure,d active, and directive approach
190
Only ---% of native americans live on reservations or trust lands. The poverty rate among all of native americans is ____ that of the general population. The suicide rate for native americans is ____ that the national rate. _____ syndrome is more common among native americans than the general population. Higher rates of PTSD stem from a rate of violent victimization that is more than ___ the national average. The best treatment approach is mixed some advocate for a _____ approach. ___ tx should be used whenever possible.
```
20%
twice
1.5x
fetal alcohol syndrome
twice
nondirective
family therapy
```
