social Flashcards
describe social categorisation
in-groups made based on people who are ‘like me’. outgroups consist of people seen as ‘not like me’ e.g. same subjects at school
describe social identification
adopting the beliefs, values and attitudes of the in-group to fit in with the in-groups social norms e.g. dressing the same
describe social comparison
individuals boost their self esteem by making comparisons between the in-group and outgroups. in-group’s are seen as superior, outgroups are inferior e.g science students are prejudice to art students
evaluate the social identity theory
S. Tajfel- Bristol school boys. in-groups created by telling the boys who behaved like them in previous tasks. boys allocated more points to in-group members than out groups.
O. Wetherall- replicated Tajfel. Polynesian indigenous children were more generous to outgroup than white newzeland classmates.
D. realistic conflict theory
A. reducing prejudice- increasing in-groups self esteem
evaluate the realistic conflict theory
S. sherif stage 2- researchers created intergroup competition in sporting competitions where only 1 group could win and get a prize. negative interdependence. increase in violence and prejudice
O. sherif- boys needed prevarication to show prejudice or discrimination. the experimenters had to raid one of the groups cabins to make it appear that the other group had attacked them. intergroup competition by itself did not lead to hostility.
D. social identity- tajfel found that prejudice can arise from the simple act as seeing someone as ‘not like me’
A. reducing prejudice. introducing superoordinate goals in schools can reduce bullying e.g. tidying up together or group games
what is negative interdependence
more than 1 group is competing for the same common goal that benefit them both
their winning depends on the outgroups loss causing increased hostility towards outgroup members
evaluate individual differences as a factor affecting prejudice
S. Cohrs- RWA and SDO positively correlated with prejudice. RWA negatively correlated with openness to experience, SDO with agreeableness
O. Levin- Ashkenazim jew’s showed higher SDO scores compared to other types of jew’s. Differences in SDO disappeared when asked to think about the relationship between israel and palestein
D. akrami- manipulated social norms- confedirate extressed sceptism over the statement “ discrimination is no longer a problem for women in sweden” ppts who heard sceptism expressed lower sexism on questionaire
A. Regulation of media sources e.g. strategies challenging the view of the world as dangerous/ competitive may combat RWA and SDO, reducing prejudice
evaluate situation as a factor affecting prejudice
+ akrami- confederate express skepticism that anyone could agree with ‘discrimination of women is no longer a problem in Sweden’. mean levels of sexism were lower for the group who heard this statement. manipulated social norms
akrami- personality (SDO and RWA) had an influence. rank order of participants individual levels of prejudice were related to personality
RCT- esses- prejudice arises if ingroup members see themselves in direct competition for scarse resourses with another groupos, heightened if the situation is seen as ‘zero-sum’. suggested targeting the zero-sum beliefs that lead to prejudice agiansed immigrants.
SIT- Minard, studied white and black coal miners, they were friendly below ground (identified with being miners) but help negative views of eachover above ground (identified with white and black social groups)
evaluate personality as a factor affecting obedience
S. elms and milgram- f scale with milgrams studys, obedient ppts scored higher on the f scale + showed other characteristics of authoritarian personality e.g. less closeness to their fathers
O. Australian ppts told to give painful doses of ultrasounds to a female student. obedient ppts didn’t sig. differ from disobedient ppts in terms of their scores on a questionnaire measuring LOC
D. not a complete explanation. gender may better explain differences between obedience e.g. Sheridan and king
A. some jobs need higher obedience levels e.g. organisations that require employees to follow procedures. scale assessing LOC can be used to select applicants
evaluate gender as a factor affecting obedience
+ kilham and mann- replicated milgram’s study in australia- 40% males fully obedient, 16% females
+ sheriden and king- ppts gave real electric shock to puppy- 100% females, 54% male
- gilligan- males- more obedient due to feelings of obligation to an AF, females- less obedient due to desire to support the person being harmed. found that both males and females use ethics in real life dilemas but men favoured justice orientation, females care orientation
- blass- found no sig. difference between gender in 9 milgram-style studies
evaluate culture as a factor affecting obedience
+ kilham and mann- 28% obedience in austalia which scored low on the PDI. 90% obedience in poland replication which is expected as it had higher PDI scores
- blass- calculates the average obedience rate for 8 non-US replications. 66% obedience rates compared to an average for 61% US replications
evaluate the social practicle
+ standadised procedures- gave all students the same questionaire
+ ethics- gained informed concent from participnts
+ thematic analysis- because it remains qualatative it retains the beliefs and values of ppts
- generalisability- oportunity sample of 16-18 year old 6th from students all in the roundwood park common room
- social desirability bias as the participants knew the true aims. low validity
- low ecological validity- not going to be asked to fill out a questionaire in every day life
evaluate the agency theory
S. milgram baseline study- 100% ppts administered 300v , 65% to 450v. high anxiety levels experienced. people are likely to carry out orders from authority figures despite moral strain
O. rank and jacebson- 16/18 nurses failed to obey orders from doctor asking them to administer an overdose of valium even though they were odvious forces of authority
D. SIT
A. reducing moral strain in the military e.g. using words such as collateral damage and dehumanising language
evaluate the social impact theory
S. sedikes and jackson- zoo field experiment. zoo keeper 58% obedience. tshirt and shorts 35%- strength
O. hoffling- doctor ordered nurses to administer an overdose of an unknown drug over the phone. 21/22 nurses administered the drug- immediacy
D. agency theory- Milgram
A. political influence- political leaders can adopt a strong and persuasive communication style, talk face to face or address a smaller number or groups
milgrams baseline procedure
- volunteer sample of 40 men from new haven through the local newspaper
- offered $4.50 and told they could drop out and keep the money
- lots were drawn and participants given teacher
- given shock of 45v and told to give learner shocks everytime they got a word pairing wrong incresing in 15v incraments
- 3 verbal prods given when teacher wanted to withdraw including ‘it is essential that you continue’
