research methods/ issues and debates Flashcards

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1
Q

evaluate the use of cross sectional research in clinical psychology

A

+ data is gathered quicker than longitudinal

+ valid as they will be repeated at the time they have most application rather then several years later

  • cohort effects - comparing different groups of people, individual differences may have an effect
  • results may be due to being raised in a particular time/place e.g. AN have been exposed to different cultural images
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2
Q

evaluate the use of longitudinal research in clinical psychology

A

+ only reliable way of measuring the effect of time on the behavior in question

+ in depth view of long term effects of a treatment

  • sample attrition, people drop out of the study
  • new drugs/ treatments may be developed during the time of the study
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3
Q

evaluate the use of secondary data in clinical psychology

A

+ can check for reliability and validity with other sources with more ease

+ relatively cheap- when considering time, materials, design

  • may no longer be relevant for the current time frame
  • subjective interpretation of results
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4
Q

evaluate the use of primary data in clinical psychology

A

+ operationalisation is done with the research aim in mind

+ credible- gathered for the particular purpose

  • expensive when considering time, materials, design
  • limited by time, location, number and type of participant
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5
Q

evaluate the use of cross cultural research in clinical psychology

A

+ high generalisability as not ethnocentric

+ helps identify symptoms and features of mental illness that are biological in nature if they are present cross-culturally

  • cultural bias- the researchers have their own cultural values so may not fully apreciate the ppts experience
  • low validity if the interperatation of patients behaviours is not fully understood
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6
Q

evaluate the use of meta-analysis in clinical psychology

A

+ quick and cheap as the researcher doesn’t conduct the research themselves

+ no issue with ethics as the research has already been conducted

  • publication bias as conclusions drawn are determined by the researcher conducting the selection of the research
  • low validity and reliability as researchers havent gathered the data directly
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7
Q

evaluate the use of content analysis

A

+ high ecological validity- based on observations of what people actually do e.g. newspapers or books that people read

+ test-retest reliability if the sources are kept

  • subjective as the researcher interpenetrates what catagory the data should go in
  • cultural bias
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8
Q

evaluate the use of thematic analysis in clinical psychology

A

+ remains qualatitive so it retains the beliefs and values of ppts

+ test-retest reliability- data is gone through repeatedly to see if themes match original data

  • subjective as quotes are selected by researcher
  • time consuming
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9
Q

evaluate questionnaires

A

+ data can be collected from large numbers of people relatively quickly because they can all do it at the same time

+ respondents may feel more willing to reveal personal info in a queastionaire rather than an interview because they feel more anonymous

  • social desirability bias
  • biased sample- only certain kinds of people fill out questionnaires- literate individuals who are willing to spend time filling them out
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10
Q

closed questions

A

+ quantitative data- easy to analyse and draw conclusions because you can make comparisons

+ objective- answers are likely to be interpreted the same way by any researcher

  • researcher determines the choice of answers so people cannot express their precise feelings
  • oversimplifies human experiences- suggests there are simple answers but people are likely to think several answers reflect their views
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11
Q

how is rosenhans procedure socially sensitive

A

clinician made to feel incompetent as an incorrect diagnosis was given

family might have to care for them through the trauma and witnessing abuse from other patients

reputation of psychiatry was damaged. people who need help are unlikely to reach out

rosenhan was ostracized by the psychological community

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12
Q

how is loftus and palmers study socially sensitive

A

ppts may be left feeling silly/ stupid for adjusting their estimate of speed

ppts left feeling worried about their memory and concerned if they are subsequently a witness to a crime

makes people with EWT unreliable. CJS dont just use EWT anymore. devlin report revealed problems within the CJS

positive implication for loftus, now known reputation for this area of research

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13
Q

evaluate random sample

A

+ unbiased- all people in target population have an equal chance of selection

+ easy to randomly select ppts- specific subgroup chosen first

  • participant bias- may turn into volunteer sample if ppts dont agree
  • time consuming- need to obtain a list and ask sample if they are willing to participate
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14
Q

evaluate stratified sample

A

+ representative- ppts representative to numbers in the target population

+ low extraneous variables- subgroups chosen according to variables important to researcher

  • biased- researcher decides which subgroups to include
  • time consuming
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15
Q

evaluate volunteer sample

A

+ convenient/ less dropout rates

+ can gather a specialised sample e.g. putting an ad on the noticeboard of a medical school to gain medical students

  • participant bias- extroverts/ people who benefit from taking part
  • demand characteristics- ppts more willing to be helpful, prone to guessing the aims of the study
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16
Q

evaluate opportunity sample

A

+ convenient

+ may be only technique available because the whole target population cannot be listed (used for random and stratified sampling)

  • participants may refuse to take part
  • biased- ppts from small part of the population so not representative
17
Q

5 stages of a thematic analysis

A
  • read and reread the data
  • break the data into meaningful units
  • assign a name/ code to each unit
  • group units together to make themes
  • reread the text to make sure themes are correctly allocated
18
Q

what are the ethical issues and guidelines

A

Deception

Debrief

Informed consent

Confidentiality

Right to withdraw

Protection from harm

19
Q

what are the 4 ethical issues listed by the BPS code of ethics and conduct

A
  1. respect- informed consent, confidentiality, privacy, rtwd
  2. competence- awareness of professional ethics and making ethical decisions
  3. responsibility- protection from harm, debrief
  4. integrity- avoiding deception and addressing misconduct
20
Q

evaluate structured interviews

A

+ easily repeated

+ easy to analyse because answers are more predictable

  • interviewer bias- expectations may influence the answers the interviewee gives
  • ppts may feel reluctant to reveal personal info when face to face
21
Q

evaluate unstructured and semi-structured interviews

A

+ detailed info obtained because questions are shaped to the participant

+ can access info that may not be revealed by predetermined questions

  • interviewer bias- questions developed on the spot and may be prone to asking leading questions
  • requires well-trained interviewers, may be difficult to obtain and make research more expensive
22
Q

what are the 3 types of experimental design

A

repeated measures

independent groups design

match pair design

23
Q

evaluate repeated measures design

A

+ fewer participants needed than with independent groups design

+ good control of participant variables because the same person is tested twice

  • order effects- ppts may be better on second test because of experience or less well because of being tired
  • ppts may guess research aims because they do both conditions
24
Q

evaluate independent group designs

A

+ avoids order affect- each participant is only tested once

+ avoids ppts guessing the aims

  • participant variables may affect results e.g. group A may be more intelligent
  • needs more participants than with repeated measures- 20 ppts will narrow down to 10 in each controle
25
Q

evaluate matched pair’s design

A

+ avoids order affect

+ participant variables are controlled

  • time consuming to match participants on key variables
  • cant match all variables, only most relevant ones
26
Q

evaluate the use of animal studies

A

+ generalisability- conditioning is the same in all animals and humans

+ fewer ethical issues- concent/ harm

  • generalisability- different brain structures to humans
  • in case of animal suffering, benefits may not outweigh the costs
27
Q

ethical controls when using animals in lab experiments

A

requires licenced labs and researchers

reduce, replace, refine- animals replaced with suitable alternatives, if not possible, reduce number of animals used, refine methods so pain is reduced

environment should be appropriate to the needs of the species

different species should be considered

28
Q

evaluate the use of correlational research

A

+ looks at relationships between 2 co variables

+ useful for preliminary analysis of data, strong correlation justifies further look, weak means no casual link

  • cannot show cause and effect relationship
  • impossible to know the direction of the relationship
29
Q

evaluate the use of twin studies

A

+ info taken from twin registeries- large sample so likely to be representative

+ assumes twins share the same enviornment so if there is a high concordance rate, the trait must be genetic

  • cannot identify specific genes involves- more recent technologies (assosiation studies) are needed
  • may overestimate genetic influence- equal enviorment assumption
30
Q

evaluate the use of adoption studies

A

+ removes extraneous variables, environment is controlled

+ show that twin studies overestimate genetics

  • selective placement- child adopted into similar family so similarities to biological relatives may be due to environment
  • children usually adopted due to traumatic experiences in biological family, low generalisability