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Social Flashcards

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1
Q

Agency theory A01
Who was agency theory proposed by

A

Milgram 1973

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2
Q

Agency theory A01
What does agency theory explain

A

Blind obedience

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3
Q

Agency theory A01
What is the agentic shift

A

Changes between two states

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4
Q

Agency theory A01
Define autonomous state

A

the Autonomous State we perceive ourselves to be responsible for our own behaviour so we feel guilt for what we do

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5
Q

Agency theory A01
Define agentic state

A

the Agentic State we perceive ourselves to be the agent of someone else’s will; the authority figure commanding us is responsible for what we do so we feel not guilt.

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6
Q

Agency theory A01
Define moral strain

A

When an authority figure issues an order that goes against our conscience, we experience moral strain

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7
Q

What are the 4 denfense mechanismism against moral strain shown in milgram study

A

Denial
Avoidance
Degree of involvement
Helping the learner

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8
Q

Milgram has an evolutionary explanation for the Agentic Shift. What does he mean in simple terms

A

That obedience is a survival trait

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9
Q

Evaluate agency theory AO3
Supporting evidence

A

Milgrams study
Burger study
Holocaust

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10
Q

Evaluate agency theory AO3
Objections

A

Lacks ecological validity
Nazi was war

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11
Q

Evaluate agency theory AO3
Conflicting evidence

A

Theodor Adorno (1950) argues that some people have an “Authoritarian Personality” that is threatened by people who are different and enjoys following rules

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12
Q

Evaluation agency theory
Application

A

Holocaust

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13
Q

Social impact theory AO1
Who proposed this theory

A

Latane 1981

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14
Q

Social impact theory AO1
Key concept of study

A

Latané argues that every person is potentially a “source” or a “target” of social influence – sometimes both at once. He thinks there are three rules or laws at work.

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15
Q

Social impact theory AO1
DEFINE WHAT SIN STANDS FOR

A

Strength: This is how much power you believe the person influencing you has.

Immediacy: how close they are

Numbers: The more people putting pressure on you to do something, the more social force they will have

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16
Q

Describe diffusion of responsibility

A

– the more of you there are, the less personal responsibility each of you will feel.

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17
Q

Evaluate social impact theory A03
Supporting evidence

A

Tajfel inter group discrimination large group

Milgram

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18
Q

Evaluate social impact theory A03
Objections

A

Ignores
Personality types
States people are passive this is conflicted by Oskar Schindler who handed Jewish employees over to the Nazis during WWII while secretly helping many others to escape

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19
Q

Evaluate social impact theory differences

A

Milgram’s Agency Theory is very simplistic compared to Social Impact Theory.

However, Agency Theory explains some things better than Social Impact Theory. For example, in Variation #10, showing environment has an impact

20
Q

Evaluate social impact theory
Applications

A

Using mathematical formula calculate when making laws

Shows why media has a large impact of encouraging rebels

21
Q

Milgram study 1963 AO1
What was the hyphothesis

A

that ordinary people could be put in a social situation where they too would do the sort of things that Eichmann (nazi) did

22
Q

What was aim of milgrams study

A

To find out naïve participants would obey orders from an authority that went against their values; specifically, to see if they would deliver electric shocks to a confederate sufficiently powerful to kill someone.

23
Q

Sample of milgrams study

A

40 males age 20-50

24
Q

Results milgrams study

A

26 (65%) carried on to 450V shock at the end.

25
Q

Conclusion of milgrams study

A

You don’t have to be psychopath to be immoral
Situation factors
Setting -Yale
Felt worthy cause-science
Sense obligation

26
Q

Variation 7 describe abs explain

A

Absence of authority figure
22.5%

27
Q

Variation 10 describe n results

A

Rundown office block
45.5%

28
Q

Variation 13 describe n results

A

Ordinary man gives instructions
20%

29
Q

Strengths in Milgram’s original study

A
  • Right to withdraw given
  • Deception was a necessity because the research was studying obedience, so prevents demand characteristic
  • Lab experiment - standardised procedure, scripted, quantitative and qualitative data gathered. Good controls, so replicable and reliable
  • Debriefed
30
Q

Weaknesses in Milgram’s original study

A
  • Verbal prods and incentive prevents withdrawal from study
  • Stress was deliberately caused to the participants
  • Lacks ecological validity
  • Androcentric, ethnocentric, sampling method affects generalisability
  • Deception 4 times - shocks not real, Mr Wallace, not a study on memory and learning, allocation of roles
31
Q

What is socialisation?

A

Learning of rules and norms of society through socialising agents, such as teachers and parents.

32
Q

What is moral strain?

A

Experiencing anxiety, usually because you are asked to do something that goes against your moral judgement

33
Q

Agency theory application to real life

A
  • Holocaust, Jews and other minority groups were slaughtered
34
Q

What factors affect obedience?

A
  • Situation
  • Culture
  • Personality
  • Gender
35
Q

Describe the effect of situation on obedience

A
  • M+R had a control group showing that giving them the choice affected their obedience
  • Milgram’s variations, less pressure from authority figure resulted in lower obedience, such as rundown office block and telephonic instructions
36
Q

Describe the effect of culture on obedience

A
  • Milgram found obedience in American people, so is not different to Germans
  • It could be human nature to obey in certain situations
  • M+R used less severe punishment, so results were due to that and not different culture (Holland)
  • Schurz carried out a study in Austria using bursts of ultrasound, got an 80% obedience
  • Blass reviewed studies and found an average obedience level. US= 60.94% and other countries= 65.94%.
37
Q

What factors affect prejudice?

A
  • Personality
  • Situation
  • Culture
38
Q

What is an individualistic and collectivist culture?

A

Individualistic emphasises the act of the individual, making their own decisions. Collectivist cultures puts the group as the priority and acts as a group to meet needs.

39
Q

IWho proposed Social Identity Theory?

A

Tajfel and Turner (1971)

40
Q

What is Social Identity Theory?

A

Prejudice can be explained by our tendency to identify ourselves as part of a group. Merely being in a group and being aware of the existence of another group is sufficient for prejudice to occu

41
Q

What are the 3 stages of Social Identity Theory?

A
  1. Social categorisation - see yourself as part of a group
  2. Social identification - identifying with the group and taking on their norms and attitudes.
  3. Social comparison - self concept becomes wrapped in the in-group. See in-group as better than out-group.
42
Q

What is realistic conflict theory

A

A theory that suggests prejudiced as a result of conflict and competition between groups

43
Q

Who proposed realistic conflict theory

A

Sharif

44
Q

How does Sharif suggest that conflict is resolved?

A

Subordinate goals

45
Q

What is study supports realistic conflict theory

A

Robbers cave, Sharif

46
Q

What is intergroup conflict?

A

Conflict between two groups due to competition

47
Q

What are subordinate goals?

A

Goals can I be completed if they work together

Psychology (7 decks)

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