Social Flashcards by aaliyah carvalho

Agency theory A01
Who was agency theory proposed by

Milgram 1973

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Agency theory A01
What does agency theory explain

Blind obedience

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Agency theory A01
What is the agentic shift

Changes between two states

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Agency theory A01
Define autonomous state

the Autonomous State we perceive ourselves to be responsible for our own behaviour so we feel guilt for what we do

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Agency theory A01
Define agentic state

the Agentic State we perceive ourselves to be the agent of someone else’s will; the authority figure commanding us is responsible for what we do so we feel not guilt.

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Agency theory A01
Define moral strain

When an authority figure issues an order that goes against our conscience, we experience moral strain

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What are the 4 denfense mechanismism against moral strain shown in milgram study

Denial
Avoidance
Degree of involvement
Helping the learner

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Milgram has an evolutionary explanation for the Agentic Shift. What does he mean in simple terms

That obedience is a survival trait

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Evaluate agency theory AO3
Supporting evidence

Milgrams study
Burger study
Holocaust

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Evaluate agency theory AO3
Objections

Lacks ecological validity
Nazi was war

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Evaluate agency theory AO3
Conflicting evidence

Theodor Adorno (1950) argues that some people have an “Authoritarian Personality” that is threatened by people who are different and enjoys following rules

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Evaluation agency theory
Application

Holocaust

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Social impact theory AO1
Who proposed this theory

Latane 1981

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Social impact theory AO1
Key concept of study

Latané argues that every person is potentially a “source” or a “target” of social influence – sometimes both at once. He thinks there are three rules or laws at work.

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Social impact theory AO1
DEFINE WHAT SIN STANDS FOR

Strength: This is how much power you believe the person influencing you has.

Immediacy: how close they are

Numbers: The more people putting pressure on you to do something, the more social force they will have

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Describe diffusion of responsibility

– the more of you there are, the less personal responsibility each of you will feel.

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Evaluate social impact theory A03
Supporting evidence

Tajfel inter group discrimination large group

Milgram

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Evaluate social impact theory A03
Objections

Ignores
Personality types
States people are passive this is conflicted by Oskar Schindler who handed Jewish employees over to the Nazis during WWII while secretly helping many others to escape

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Evaluate social impact theory differences

Milgram’s Agency Theory is very simplistic compared to Social Impact Theory.

However, Agency Theory explains some things better than Social Impact Theory. For example, in Variation #10, showing environment has an impact

Evaluate social impact theory
Applications

Using mathematical formula calculate when making laws

Shows why media has a large impact of encouraging rebels

Milgram study 1963 AO1
What was the hyphothesis

that ordinary people could be put in a social situation where they too would do the sort of things that Eichmann (nazi) did

What was aim of milgrams study

To find out naïve participants would obey orders from an authority that went against their values; specifically, to see if they would deliver electric shocks to a confederate sufficiently powerful to kill someone.

Sample of milgrams study

40 males age 20-50

Results milgrams study

26 (65%) carried on to 450V shock at the end.

Conclusion of milgrams study

You don’t have to be psychopath to be immoral Situation factors Setting -Yale Felt worthy cause-science Sense obligation

Variation 7 describe abs explain

Absence of authority figure 22.5%

Variation 10 describe n results

Rundown office block 45.5%

Variation 13 describe n results

Ordinary man gives instructions 20%

Strengths in Milgram's original study

- Right to withdraw given - Deception was a necessity because the research was studying obedience, so prevents demand characteristic - Lab experiment - standardised procedure, scripted, quantitative and qualitative data gathered. Good controls, so replicable and reliable - Debriefed

Weaknesses in Milgram's original study

- Verbal prods and incentive prevents withdrawal from study - Stress was deliberately caused to the participants - Lacks ecological validity - Androcentric, ethnocentric, sampling method affects generalisability - Deception 4 times - shocks not real, Mr Wallace, not a study on memory and learning, allocation of roles

What is socialisation?

Learning of rules and norms of society through socialising agents, such as teachers and parents.

What is moral strain?

Experiencing anxiety, usually because you are asked to do something that goes against your moral judgement

Agency theory application to real life

- Holocaust, Jews and other minority groups were slaughtered

What factors affect obedience?

- Situation - Culture - Personality - Gender

Describe the effect of situation on obedience

- M+R had a control group showing that giving them the choice affected their obedience - Milgram's variations, less pressure from authority figure resulted in lower obedience, such as rundown office block and telephonic instructions

Describe the effect of culture on obedience

- Milgram found obedience in American people, so is not different to Germans - It could be human nature to obey in certain situations - M+R used less severe punishment, so results were due to that and not different culture (Holland) - Schurz carried out a study in Austria using bursts of ultrasound, got an 80% obedience - Blass reviewed studies and found an average obedience level. US= 60.94% and other countries= 65.94%.

What factors affect prejudice?

- Personality - Situation - Culture

What is an individualistic and collectivist culture?

Individualistic emphasises the act of the individual, making their own decisions. Collectivist cultures puts the group as the priority and acts as a group to meet needs.

IWho proposed Social Identity Theory?

Tajfel and Turner (1971)

What is Social Identity Theory?

Prejudice can be explained by our tendency to identify ourselves as part of a group. Merely being in a group and being aware of the existence of another group is sufficient for prejudice to occu

What are the 3 stages of Social Identity Theory?

1. Social categorisation - see yourself as part of a group 2. Social identification - identifying with the group and taking on their norms and attitudes. 3. Social comparison - self concept becomes wrapped in the in-group. See in-group as better than out-group.

What is realistic conflict theory

A theory that suggests prejudiced as a result of conflict and competition between groups

Who proposed realistic conflict theory

Sharif

How does Sharif suggest that conflict is resolved?

Subordinate goals

What is study supports realistic conflict theory

Robbers cave, Sharif

What is intergroup conflict?

Conflict between two groups due to competition

What are subordinate goals?

Goals can I be completed if they work together