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Biopsychology Flashcards

1
Q

define dysphoria

A

a state of unease or generalized dissatisfaction with life.

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2
Q

define GABA

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid.

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3
Q

individual differences why do people who have overcome addiction crave and relapse when return to place used to take drugs

A

Certain people, places and things from a person’s past can bring about memories of substance use, which can induce urges that may lead to relapse. The risk for relapse can be influenced by the duration of addiction.

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4
Q

mode of action for alcohol

A

works in the brain primarily by increasing the effects of a neurotransmitter called γ-aminobutyric acid, or GABA. This is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and by facilitating its actions, alcohol suppresses the activity of the central nervous system.

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5
Q

mode of action for opioids

A

have actions at two sites, the presynaptic nerve terminal and the postsynaptic neuron. The postsynaptic actions of opioids are usually inhibitory. The presynaptic action of opioids is to inhibit neurotransmitter release, and this is considered to be their major effect in the nervous system

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6
Q

mode of action amphetamines

A

Amphetamines are, with few exceptions, psychostimulants of the releaser type. They increase extracellular neurotransmission by promoting the release of neurotransmitters found in presynaptic vesicles.

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7
Q

mode of action nicotine

A

acts by stimulation of neural nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (NAChRs) in the ventral tegmental area of the brain. This causes release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens.

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8
Q

evaluation of recreational drugs
strengths

A
  1. evidence eg olds and milner-striker researched on mice
  2. credibility from observationsof those who take drugs
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9
Q

evaluation of recreational drugs
weaknesses

A
  1. brain very complex too simplistic to say cannibis inhits as need be more specific in brain areas
  2. hard to study mode of action as brain scans can not see synaptic transmission
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10
Q

define agression in terms of psychology

A

range of behaviour that can result in physical or psychological harm

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11
Q

what happened to phinneas gage

A

he was clearing explosives on a railroad
one explosive ignited
prophelled the bar through his cheekbone and out top of his skull

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12
Q

how did the accident affect phinneas gage

A

wait from responsible,well maneered, even tempered and hardworking to irresponsible,lazy, ill mannered

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13
Q

which areas in brain link to agression

A

amygdala
PFC

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14
Q

what does amygdala contol link to agression

A

how we respond to threats

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15
Q

what is PFC in control of link to agression

A

rational thinking
decisions
self control
impulses

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16
Q

what did raine et al find in study of violent murders

A

increased amygdala activity
decreased activity in PFC

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17
Q

5 brain areas link to agression

A

PFC
OFC
Amygdala
PAG
Limbic system

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18
Q

Identify 4 studies into brain areas and aggression

A

Raine
Phoneas Gage
Coccaro
Lonstein and Stern, 1998)

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19
Q

Identify the relationship between amygdala activity and aggression

A

More activity – more aggression = positive correlation

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20
Q

Periaqueductal grey matter (PAG)
link to agression

A

Located in the midbrain

Links the amygdala and hypothalamus with the prefrontal cortex.

Has a role in integrating behavioural responses to perceived internal and external stressors, e.g. pain/threats.

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21
Q

Periaqueductal grey matter (PAG)
link to agression

A

Located in the midbrain

Links the amygdala and hypothalamus with the prefrontal cortex.

Has a role in integrating behavioural responses to perceived internal and external stressors, e.g. pain/threats.

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22
Q

what was (Lonstein and Stern, 1998) study with rats and agression

A

Lesions in PAGs of rats who have recently given birth display increased aggression when confronted with a potential threat in the form of the introduction of an unfamiliar male rat to the cage

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23
Q

Evaluation:The structure of the brain, different brain areas (e.g. pre-frontal cortex) and brain functioning as an explanation of aggression

supporting evidence

A

Pardini et al’s

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24
Q

Evaluation:The structure of the brain, different brain areas (e.g. pre-frontal cortex) and brain functioning as an explanation of aggression

conflicting evidence

A

ingnores nurture

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25
Evaluation:The structure of the brain, different brain areas (e.g. pre-frontal cortex) and brain functioning as an explanation of aggression reductionism
doesnt look at learnt agression
26
Evaluation:The structure of the brain, different brain areas (e.g. pre-frontal cortex) and brain functioning as an explanation of aggression usefulness
help manage
27
Evaluation:The structure of the brain, different brain areas (e.g. pre-frontal cortex) and brain functioning as an explanation of aggression methodology
Correlational research is often used to investigate the biological explanations of aggression. Explain the benefits and drawbacks of this doesnt look at other factors
28
what are hormones and how are they acrried
chemical messengers that transmit info through the blood
29
what is endocrine system
system of glands
30
what is androgen
chemical that devlops male characteristcs
31
define testorone
hormone that stimulates development of male secoundary sexual charcteristics
32
what occurs following antenatal exposure to testorone
an organising effect on developing brain leading to increased spatial ability and competitive agression
33
what did motelica heino et al find in lab experiments on rodents
injecting neo natal female rodents with testorene made them act much more agressively
34
what did d andrarde find to support link of testorone and agression
human studies generally support link e.g. on average boys more agressive then girls
35
What is the equation for spearman rank test
6x d squared R=1-n(n squared-1)
36
Name 5 steps of spearman test
1/ rank 2/ difference between ranks 3/ square differences 4/ insert all into equation 5/ decide positive or negative
37
When to use soearman rank test
Correlation data Hypothesis between 2 co variables 2 sets data from each person Ordinal or interval data
38
What is the difference between correlations research and how is it different from experimental
Correlation doesn’t manipulate variables
39
Define positive correlation
When one variable increases the other variable increases or one decrease other decrease (same)
40
Define negative correlation
When one increases other decreases
41
Name 2 strength of correlation
Initial relationship revealed Participant variables reduced Easy to analyse
42
Name 2 weakness of correlations
Can’t predict cause and effect May not be valid as self report
43
Strengths of correlation in context of aggression
Show relationship between two variables can help show difference in agression level in response to different stimuli
44
Weakness of correlation in terms of agression
Doesn’t show cause and effect Can’t be sure it was the reason for agression
45
evolution and agression what is Humans main aim ?
To survive long enough to pass on their genes and reproduce
46
evolution and agression why are humans agressive
Because agression is an innate response suggesting its needed for natural selection
47
Where is agression rooted /controlled ?
Prefrontal cortex
48
What the correlation between testosterone & agression ?
High levels of testoterone = higher risk of agression
49
What is the environment of evolutionary adaptation (EEA)?
The conditions in the environment at the time that a species was adapting to. I'm psychology the EEA we are interested in is the point when humans lived like Hunter gatherers
50
adrenaline (gland)
adrenals
51
adrenaline (function)
fight or flight response
52
cortisol (function)
Released in an effort to support the body during high levels of stress to aid the functioning of your immune system
53
melatonin (function)
regulation of sleep
54
Testosterone function
stimulates puberty, high levels can be associated with aggresssion
55
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in arousal, attention, memory, and muscle contractions
56
fMRI
FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING -While a person is functioning/doing a task -Measures change in the brains activity -Measures change in blood flow to specific areas- indicates increased neural activity -MORE ACTIVITY= NEED FOR MORE OXYGEN= INCREASE BLOOD FLOW TO THE AREA 9with red blood cells containing oxygen) -Create maps of the brain to show which areas are involved with particular mental activity
57
How much dna do MZ twins share
100%
58
How much DNA do DZ twins share
50%
59
What is concordance rate
How similar behaviour is between twins
60
What was KEY STUDY FOR TWINS
Brendgen et el 2005 Genetic/environment on social agression
61
Aim of brendgen et Al 2005 twin study aim and prodecure
See if aggression genetic or physical Longitudinal on sets twins Teachers and class mates filled out score sheet n circle social or physical aggression
62
Results abs convulsion of twin study
Physical MZ TWINS HIGHER=genes Social =equal = environment
63
Make strength of twin study
Could be used to prevent social agression
64
Weakness of twin study
Not generalisable
65
Name of classic study
Raine et al brain abnormalities in murders
66
Aim of classic study
To show brain of murderers, who pleaded not guilty for murder for a reason of insanity were different from brains of non-murderers
67
Describe the method in the classic study?
Matched pairs between the murderers and the control group based on sex and age
68
What was the sample for the classic study?
41. Murderers, 39 men 2 female.
69
What is the procedure of the classic study?
As a control they’re kept of medication for two weeks in the actual study. The brain has looked out for a pet scan while they performed a task.
70
What was the results of a classic study?
Murderers had less activity in the prefrontal cortex and left side of the amygdala But there was more activity in the left amygdala, and the thalamus
71
Evaluate the generalisability of classic study rain
Low As it was androcentric
72
Evaluate the reliability of rain study
Hi, it was a standardised procedure and it is replicable
73
Evaluate the application of rain study
May help to predict violence
74
Elvaluate, validity of rain study
Low as it was unable to show cause and affect however, it is high as it is in a controlled lab setting
75
Evaluate the ethics of rain study
Poor because it was questionable, informed consent as well as they were kept of their medication which they need it for two weeks

Psychology (7 decks)

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