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Biopsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

define dysphoria

A

a state of unease or generalized dissatisfaction with life.

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2
Q

define GABA

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid.

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3
Q

individual differences why do people who have overcome addiction crave and relapse when return to place used to take drugs

A

Certain people, places and things from a person’s past can bring about memories of substance use, which can induce urges that may lead to relapse. The risk for relapse can be influenced by the duration of addiction.

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4
Q

mode of action for alcohol

A

works in the brain primarily by increasing the effects of a neurotransmitter called γ-aminobutyric acid, or GABA. This is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and by facilitating its actions, alcohol suppresses the activity of the central nervous system.

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5
Q

mode of action for opioids

A

have actions at two sites, the presynaptic nerve terminal and the postsynaptic neuron. The postsynaptic actions of opioids are usually inhibitory. The presynaptic action of opioids is to inhibit neurotransmitter release, and this is considered to be their major effect in the nervous system

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6
Q

mode of action amphetamines

A

Amphetamines are, with few exceptions, psychostimulants of the releaser type. They increase extracellular neurotransmission by promoting the release of neurotransmitters found in presynaptic vesicles.

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7
Q

mode of action nicotine

A

acts by stimulation of neural nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (NAChRs) in the ventral tegmental area of the brain. This causes release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens.

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8
Q

evaluation of recreational drugs
strengths

A
  1. evidence eg olds and milner-striker researched on mice
  2. credibility from observationsof those who take drugs
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9
Q

evaluation of recreational drugs
weaknesses

A
  1. brain very complex too simplistic to say cannibis inhits as need be more specific in brain areas
  2. hard to study mode of action as brain scans can not see synaptic transmission
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10
Q

define agression in terms of psychology

A

range of behaviour that can result in physical or psychological harm

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11
Q

what happened to phinneas gage

A

he was clearing explosives on a railroad
one explosive ignited
prophelled the bar through his cheekbone and out top of his skull

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12
Q

how did the accident affect phinneas gage

A

wait from responsible,well maneered, even tempered and hardworking to irresponsible,lazy, ill mannered

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13
Q

which areas in brain link to agression

A

amygdala
PFC

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14
Q

what does amygdala contol link to agression

A

how we respond to threats

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15
Q

what is PFC in control of link to agression

A

rational thinking
decisions
self control
impulses

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16
Q

what did raine et al find in study of violent murders

A

increased amygdala activity
decreased activity in PFC

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17
Q

5 brain areas link to agression

A

PFC
OFC
Amygdala
PAG
Limbic system

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18
Q

Identify 4 studies into brain areas and aggression

A

Raine
Phoneas Gage
Coccaro
Lonstein and Stern, 1998)

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19
Q

Identify the relationship between amygdala activity and aggression

A

More activity – more aggression = positive correlation

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20
Q

Periaqueductal grey matter (PAG)
link to agression

A

Located in the midbrain

Links the amygdala and hypothalamus with the prefrontal cortex.

Has a role in integrating behavioural responses to perceived internal and external stressors, e.g. pain/threats.

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21
Q

Periaqueductal grey matter (PAG)
link to agression

A

Located in the midbrain

Links the amygdala and hypothalamus with the prefrontal cortex.

Has a role in integrating behavioural responses to perceived internal and external stressors, e.g. pain/threats.

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22
Q

what was (Lonstein and Stern, 1998) study with rats and agression

A

Lesions in PAGs of rats who have recently given birth display increased aggression when confronted with a potential threat in the form of the introduction of an unfamiliar male rat to the cage

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23
Q

Evaluation:The structure of the brain, different brain areas (e.g. pre-frontal cortex) and brain functioning as an explanation of aggression

supporting evidence

A

Pardini et al’s

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24
Q

Evaluation:The structure of the brain, different brain areas (e.g. pre-frontal cortex) and brain functioning as an explanation of aggression

conflicting evidence

A

ingnores nurture

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25
Q

Evaluation:The structure of the brain, different brain areas (e.g. pre-frontal cortex) and brain functioning as an explanation of aggression

reductionism

A

doesnt look at learnt agression

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26
Q

Evaluation:The structure of the brain, different brain areas (e.g. pre-frontal cortex) and brain functioning as an explanation of aggression

usefulness

A

help manage

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27
Q

Evaluation:The structure of the brain, different brain areas (e.g. pre-frontal cortex) and brain functioning as an explanation of aggression

methodology

A

Correlational research is often used to investigate the biological explanations of aggression. Explain the benefits and drawbacks of this

doesnt look at other factors

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28
Q

what are hormones and how are they acrried

A

chemical messengers that transmit info
through the blood

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29
Q

what is endocrine system

A

system of glands

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30
Q

what is androgen

A

chemical that devlops male characteristcs

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31
Q

define testorone

A

hormone that stimulates development of male secoundary sexual charcteristics

32
Q

what occurs following antenatal exposure to testorone

A

an organising effect on developing brain leading to increased spatial ability and competitive agression

33
Q

what did motelica heino et al find in lab experiments on rodents

A

injecting neo natal female rodents with testorene made them act much more agressively

34
Q

what did d andrarde find to support link of testorone and agression

A

human studies generally support link e.g. on average boys more agressive then girls

35
Q

What is the equation for spearman rank test

A

6x d squared
R=1-n(n squared-1)

36
Q

Name 5 steps of spearman test

A

1/ rank
2/ difference between ranks
3/ square differences
4/ insert all into equation
5/ decide positive or negative

37
Q

When to use soearman rank test

A

Correlation data
Hypothesis between 2 co variables
2 sets data from each person
Ordinal or interval data

38
Q

What is the difference between correlations research and how is it different from experimental

A

Correlation doesn’t manipulate variables

39
Q

Define positive correlation

A

When one variable increases the other variable increases or one decrease other decrease (same)

40
Q

Define negative correlation

A

When one increases other decreases

41
Q

Name 2 strength of correlation

A

Initial relationship revealed
Participant variables reduced
Easy to analyse

42
Q

Name 2 weakness of correlations

A

Can’t predict cause and effect
May not be valid as self report

43
Q

Strengths of correlation in context of aggression

A

Show relationship between two variables can help show difference in agression level in response to different stimuli

44
Q

Weakness of correlation in terms of agression

A

Doesn’t show cause and effect
Can’t be sure it was the reason for agression

45
Q

evolution and agression
what is Humans main aim ?

A

To survive long enough to pass on their genes and reproduce

46
Q

evolution and agression
why are humans agressive

A

Because agression is an innate response suggesting its needed for natural selection

47
Q

Where is agression rooted /controlled ?

A

Prefrontal cortex

48
Q

What the correlation between testosterone & agression ?

A

High levels of testoterone = higher risk of agression

49
Q

What is the environment of evolutionary adaptation (EEA)?

A

The conditions in the environment at the time that a species was adapting to. I’m psychology the EEA we are interested in is the point when humans lived like Hunter gatherers

50
Q

adrenaline (gland)

A

adrenals

51
Q

adrenaline (function)

A

fight or flight response

52
Q

cortisol (function)

A

Released in an effort to support the body
during high levels of stress to aid the
functioning of your immune system

53
Q

melatonin (function)

A

regulation of sleep

54
Q

Testosterone function

A

stimulates puberty, high levels can be associated with aggresssion

55
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in arousal, attention, memory, and muscle contractions

56
Q

fMRI

A

FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
-While a person is functioning/doing a task
-Measures change in the brains activity
-Measures change in blood flow to specific areas- indicates increased neural activity
-MORE ACTIVITY= NEED FOR MORE OXYGEN= INCREASE BLOOD FLOW TO THE AREA 9with red blood cells containing oxygen)
-Create maps of the brain to show which areas are involved with particular mental activity

57
Q

How much dna do MZ twins share

A

100%

58
Q

How much DNA do DZ twins share

A

50%

59
Q

What is concordance rate

A

How similar behaviour is between twins

60
Q

What was KEY STUDY FOR TWINS

A

Brendgen et el 2005
Genetic/environment on social agression

61
Q

Aim of brendgen et Al 2005 twin study aim and prodecure

A

See if aggression genetic or physical
Longitudinal on sets twins
Teachers and class mates filled out score sheet n circle social or physical aggression

62
Q

Results abs convulsion of twin study

A

Physical MZ TWINS HIGHER=genes
Social =equal = environment

63
Q

Make strength of twin study

A

Could be used to prevent social agression

64
Q

Weakness of twin study

A

Not generalisable

65
Q

Name of classic study

A

Raine et al brain abnormalities in murders

66
Q

Aim of classic study

A

To show brain of murderers, who pleaded not guilty for murder for a reason of insanity were different from brains of non-murderers

67
Q

Describe the method in the classic study?

A

Matched pairs between the murderers and the control group based on sex and age

68
Q

What was the sample for the classic study?

A
  1. Murderers, 39 men 2 female.
69
Q

What is the procedure of the classic study?

A

As a control they’re kept of medication for two weeks in the actual study. The brain has looked out for a pet scan while they performed a task.

70
Q

What was the results of a classic study?

A

Murderers had less activity in the prefrontal cortex and left side of the amygdala
But there was more activity in the left amygdala, and the thalamus

71
Q

Evaluate the generalisability of classic study rain

A

Low As it was androcentric

72
Q

Evaluate the reliability of rain study

A

Hi, it was a standardised procedure and it is replicable

73
Q

Evaluate the application of rain study

A

May help to predict violence

74
Q

Elvaluate, validity of rain study

A

Low as it was unable to show cause and affect however, it is high as it is in a controlled lab setting

75
Q

Evaluate the ethics of rain study

A

Poor because it was questionable, informed consent as well as they were kept of their medication which they need it for two weeks

Psychology (7 decks)

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