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PSYC: Early Childhood > Social > Flashcards

Social Flashcards

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Early Childhood Education flashcards Sight Words (Ages 4-6) flashcards
1
Q

What are the two stages of Freuds psychosexual stages in early childhood?

A
  • anal stage

- phallic stage

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2
Q

What is the anal stage?

A
  • part of freuds psychosexual stages
  • 1 to 3 years-toilet training, gaining control of bodily functions
  • adult characteristics of children who have been fixated at this stage: orderliness, stubbornness
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3
Q

What is the phallic stage?

A
  • part of freuds psychosexual stages
  • age 4-5
  • identification with same sex parent-gender and moral development
  • renegotiating relationships with parents, setting the stage for peer relationships
  • adult characteristics of children who have been fixated at this stage: recklessness, conceited
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4
Q

What are Eriksons psychosocial stages during early childhood?

A
  • autonomy vs shame and doubt

- initiative vs guilt

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5
Q

What is autonomy versus shame and doubt stage?

A
  • part of Erikson’s psychosocial stages
  • ages: 1-3
  • centres around the toddler’s new mobility and the accompanying desire for autonomy
  • gain: will
  • new physical skills = more choices, say no to caregivers, self-care skills
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6
Q

What is initiative versus guilt?

A
  • part of Erikson’s psychosocial stages
  • ages: 3-6
  • ushered in by new cognitive skills (e.g. ability to plan) which accentuates his/her wish to take the initiative
  • gain: purpose
  • organize activities around some goal, more assertiveness and aggressiveness
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7
Q

What is the social-cognitive theory?

A

the theoretical perspective that asserts that social and personality development in early childhood are related to improvements in the cognitive domain

  • Assumes that social/emotional changes are the result of, or at least facilitated by, the enormous growth in cognitive abilities that happens during the preschool years
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8
Q

What is person perception?

A

ability to classify others according to categories such as age, gender, and race

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9
Q

What do children understand about rule categories?

A
  • Young children use classification skills to distinguish between social conventions and moral rules
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10
Q

what do children understand about other’s intentions?

A
  • understand intentions to some degree
  • Children understand that intentional wrong-doing is deserving of greater punishments than unintentional rule transgressions
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11
Q

What is the relationships that is one of the most important factors to early childhood development?

A

family relationships

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12
Q

What are the 4 aspects that Diana Baumrind focuses on for family functioning?

A
  • Warmth or nurturance (how loving and attentive)
  • Clarity and consistency of rules
  • Level of expectations
  • Communication between parent and child
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13
Q

What are Baumrind’s and Maccoby and Martin’s Parenting Styles?

A
  • authoritarian parenting style
  • permissive parenting style
  • authoritative parenting style
  • uninvolved parenting style
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14
Q

What is authoritarian parenting style?

A
  • a style of parenting that is low in nurturance and communication, but high in control and maturity demands
  • leads to: Inferiority, low self-esteem, anxiety
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15
Q

What is permissive parenting style?

A
  • a style of parenting that is high in nurturance and low in maturity demands, control, and communication (like a friend, attentive, Low expectations)
  • leads to:Impulsive children
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16
Q

what is authoritative parenting style?

A
  • a style of parenting that is high in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication (High levels of expectations but adaptable)
  • leads to: High self-esteem
17
Q

What is uninvolved parenting style?

A
  • a style of parenting that is low in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication. No expectations
  • produces the most negative outcomes
  • leads to: Attention seeking, insecurity, depression, anti-social behaviour
18
Q

What is discipline?

A

training, whether physical, mental or moral, that develops self-control, moral character and proper conduct

19
Q

What are the two problems that make it hard to identify effective discipline?

A
  • Difficult to establish the effects of discipline

- Research has not concluded how intense and frequent effective discipline needs to be

20
Q

What kind of relationship starts to become more important at ages 2-6? why?

A
  • peer relationships

- critical period when brain development and function is most sensitive to social skills development

21
Q

What is solitary play?

A

a stage of infant development where your child plays alone

  • all ages of children
22
Q

what is parallel play?

A
  • child plays alongside or near others but does not play with them
  • 14-18 months
23
Q

What is associative play?

A
  • child plays side-by-side with others, engaging at times but not coordinating efforts (small interactions while playing individually)
  • 18 months
24
Q

What is cooperative play?

A

when children play together with shared goals

  • 3-4 years old
25
Q

Define social skills

A

a set of behaviours that usually leads to being accepted as a play partner or friend by peers

26
Q

What is prosocial behaviour?

A
  • behaviour intended to help another person

- evident by age 2-3

27
Q

What is the role of empathy in prosocial behaviour?

A

important predictor of interpersonal closeness for both genders

28
Q

What are some ways that parents influence prosocial behaviour?

A

Parents of altruistic (selfless) children:
○ Create a loving and warm family climate

○ Provide prosocial attributions—positive statements about the cause of an event or behaviour

○ Look for opportunities for their children to do helpful things

○ Model thoughtful and generous behaviour; that is, they demonstrate consistency between what they say and what they do

29
Q

What is formation of stable relationships in early childhood?

A
  • 18 months: early hints of playmate preferences or individual friendships
  • Age 3: 20% of children have a stable playmate
  • Age 4: more than half spend 30% or more of their time with one other child
30
Q

what is an important change in social behaviour during early childhood regarding friendships?

A

formation of stable relationships

31
Q

What are the benefits of having a stable friend in early childhood?

A

related to social competence during the elementary school years

32
Q

When does physical aggression (PA) peak? How does it decrease?

A

age 2

  • decreases as they learn to control emotions
33
Q

When does indirect aggression increase?

A
  • Most children show declining levels of PA with low level IA between 2 and 8 years
  • high early PA increase IA overtime
34
Q

What aspects play a key role in aggression?

A

Reinforcement and modelling

35
Q

What is an influence during the transition of temperament to personality?

A

• Transition to personality is influenced by parental responses to temperament

36
Q

What are the aspects of self-concept that children in early childhood start to develop?

A
  • objective self
  • emotional self
  • social self
37
Q

What is objective self?

A
  • toddler’s understanding that she is defined by various categories such as gender or qualities such as shyness
  • A child develops the initial self-awareness that delineates the formation of the objective self by about the middle of the second year of life
  • By late in the second year a child can label themselves in several ways: by name and gender, for example
38
Q

What is emotional self?

A
  • The acquisition of emotional regulation is central to this stage
  • Acquiring emotional regulation involves shifting control slowly from the parents to the child
  • Empathy and the awareness of moral emotions play key roles
39
Q

What is social self?

A
  • toddler now begins to develop a variety of social “scripts”
  • Sociodramatic play provides opportunities to take explicit roles, helping the child become more independent
  • Children adjust to school in several different ways

PSYC: Early Childhood (2 decks)

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