Social Flashcards
What are the two stages of Freuds psychosexual stages in early childhood?
- anal stage
- phallic stage
What is the anal stage?
- part of freuds psychosexual stages
- 1 to 3 years-toilet training, gaining control of bodily functions
- adult characteristics of children who have been fixated at this stage: orderliness, stubbornness
What is the phallic stage?
- part of freuds psychosexual stages
- age 4-5
- identification with same sex parent-gender and moral development
- renegotiating relationships with parents, setting the stage for peer relationships
- adult characteristics of children who have been fixated at this stage: recklessness, conceited
What are Eriksons psychosocial stages during early childhood?
- autonomy vs shame and doubt
- initiative vs guilt
What is autonomy versus shame and doubt stage?
- part of Erikson’s psychosocial stages
- ages: 1-3
- centres around the toddler’s new mobility and the accompanying desire for autonomy
- gain: will
- new physical skills = more choices, say no to caregivers, self-care skills
What is initiative versus guilt?
- part of Erikson’s psychosocial stages
- ages: 3-6
- ushered in by new cognitive skills (e.g. ability to plan) which accentuates his/her wish to take the initiative
- gain: purpose
- organize activities around some goal, more assertiveness and aggressiveness
What is the social-cognitive theory?
the theoretical perspective that asserts that social and personality development in early childhood are related to improvements in the cognitive domain
- Assumes that social/emotional changes are the result of, or at least facilitated by, the enormous growth in cognitive abilities that happens during the preschool years
What is person perception?
ability to classify others according to categories such as age, gender, and race
What do children understand about rule categories?
- Young children use classification skills to distinguish between social conventions and moral rules
what do children understand about other’s intentions?
- understand intentions to some degree
- Children understand that intentional wrong-doing is deserving of greater punishments than unintentional rule transgressions
What is the relationships that is one of the most important factors to early childhood development?
family relationships
What are the 4 aspects that Diana Baumrind focuses on for family functioning?
- Warmth or nurturance (how loving and attentive)
- Clarity and consistency of rules
- Level of expectations
- Communication between parent and child
What are Baumrind’s and Maccoby and Martin’s Parenting Styles?
- authoritarian parenting style
- permissive parenting style
- authoritative parenting style
- uninvolved parenting style
What is authoritarian parenting style?
- a style of parenting that is low in nurturance and communication, but high in control and maturity demands
- leads to: Inferiority, low self-esteem, anxiety
What is permissive parenting style?
- a style of parenting that is high in nurturance and low in maturity demands, control, and communication (like a friend, attentive, Low expectations)
- leads to:Impulsive children
what is authoritative parenting style?
- a style of parenting that is high in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication (High levels of expectations but adaptable)
- leads to: High self-esteem
What is uninvolved parenting style?
- a style of parenting that is low in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication. No expectations
- produces the most negative outcomes
- leads to: Attention seeking, insecurity, depression, anti-social behaviour
What is discipline?
training, whether physical, mental or moral, that develops self-control, moral character and proper conduct
What are the two problems that make it hard to identify effective discipline?
- Difficult to establish the effects of discipline
- Research has not concluded how intense and frequent effective discipline needs to be
What kind of relationship starts to become more important at ages 2-6? why?
- peer relationships
- critical period when brain development and function is most sensitive to social skills development
What is solitary play?
a stage of infant development where your child plays alone
- all ages of children
what is parallel play?
- child plays alongside or near others but does not play with them
- 14-18 months
What is associative play?
- child plays side-by-side with others, engaging at times but not coordinating efforts (small interactions while playing individually)
- 18 months
What is cooperative play?
when children play together with shared goals
- 3-4 years old
Define social skills
a set of behaviours that usually leads to being accepted as a play partner or friend by peers
What is prosocial behaviour?
- behaviour intended to help another person
- evident by age 2-3
What is the role of empathy in prosocial behaviour?
important predictor of interpersonal closeness for both genders
What are some ways that parents influence prosocial behaviour?
Parents of altruistic (selfless) children:
○ Create a loving and warm family climate
○ Provide prosocial attributions—positive statements about the cause of an event or behaviour
○ Look for opportunities for their children to do helpful things
○ Model thoughtful and generous behaviour; that is, they demonstrate consistency between what they say and what they do
What is formation of stable relationships in early childhood?
- 18 months: early hints of playmate preferences or individual friendships
- Age 3: 20% of children have a stable playmate
- Age 4: more than half spend 30% or more of their time with one other child
what is an important change in social behaviour during early childhood regarding friendships?
formation of stable relationships
What are the benefits of having a stable friend in early childhood?
related to social competence during the elementary school years
When does physical aggression (PA) peak? How does it decrease?
age 2
- decreases as they learn to control emotions
When does indirect aggression increase?
- Most children show declining levels of PA with low level IA between 2 and 8 years
- high early PA increase IA overtime
What aspects play a key role in aggression?
Reinforcement and modelling
What is an influence during the transition of temperament to personality?
• Transition to personality is influenced by parental responses to temperament
What are the aspects of self-concept that children in early childhood start to develop?
- objective self
- emotional self
- social self
What is objective self?
- toddler’s understanding that she is defined by various categories such as gender or qualities such as shyness
- A child develops the initial self-awareness that delineates the formation of the objective self by about the middle of the second year of life
- By late in the second year a child can label themselves in several ways: by name and gender, for example
What is emotional self?
- The acquisition of emotional regulation is central to this stage
- Acquiring emotional regulation involves shifting control slowly from the parents to the child
- Empathy and the awareness of moral emotions play key roles
What is social self?
- toddler now begins to develop a variety of social “scripts”
- Sociodramatic play provides opportunities to take explicit roles, helping the child become more independent
- Children adjust to school in several different ways
