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PSYC: Early Childhood > Cognitive > Flashcards

Cognitive Flashcards

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Sight Words (Ages 4-6) flashcards Early Childhood Education flashcards
1
Q

what are children learning at the beginning of cognitive development?

A

how to accomplish goals

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2
Q

what are the children learning at the end of cognitive development

A

manipulating symbols and can make accurate judgements about others’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

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3
Q

what is sensorimotor play?

A
  • 12 month old child
  • spends playtime exploring and manipulating objects
  • ex. toys in mouth, shaking them, moves them along floor
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4
Q

what is constructive play?

A
  • Age 2
  • use objects to build or construct things
    ex: building tower, drawing pictures, digging in sand
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5
Q

What is first pretend play?

A
  • toy is used for its actual or typical purpose, actions still oriented to the self, but some pretending occurs (ex. drink from toy cup)
  • 15-21 months: recipient of pretend action is another person or toy (ex. toy cup being used on a stuffed bear instead of child)
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6
Q

what is substitute pretend play?

A
  • 2 and 3 years old
  • use objects to stand for something altogether different.
  • ex. broom as horse, trucks our of blocks
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7
Q

what is sociodramatic play?

A
  • preschool years (5 yo?)
  • play parts or take roles, could include giving rules to act their role correctly.
  • may create imaginary companions
  • ex. playing house
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8
Q

What is rule-governed play?

A
  • 5 or 6 yo
  • play games according to certain rules and follow them for longer periods of time
  • ex. smallest person is baby
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9
Q

What is the preoperational stage? Who introduced this stage?

A
  • Piaget
  • children become proficient in the use of symbols in thinking and communicating but still have difficulty thinking logically
    includes: egocentrism, centration, and conservation
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10
Q

What is egocentrism

A

the young child’s belief that everyone sees and experiences the world the way she does

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11
Q

What is centration

A
  • the child thinks of the world in terms of one variable at a time
  • Cant think of two things at a time
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12
Q

What is conservation

A

the understanding that matter can change in appearance without changing in quantity

  • not developed before age 5
  • what it looks like is what it is
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13
Q

What are the general challenges to Piaget’s view?

A

Research generally confirmed Piaget’s observations, but preschoolers are a great deal more cognitively sophisticated than Piaget thought

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14
Q

What are the challenges to Piaget’s view concerning egocentrism and perspective taking?

A
  • Flavell’s stage 1 (2-3 years old): the child knows that others experience things differently
  • Flavell’s stage 2 (4-5 years old): the child develops rules to figure out what the other person experiences
  • Children use emotion to elicit a response from others
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15
Q

What are the challenges to Piaget’s view concerning appearance and reality?

A
  • 4- to 5-year-olds understand that the same object can represent different things
  • Challenges taking another’s perspective not limited to children
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16
Q

What are the influences of development of theories of mind?

A
  • Correlated with performance on Piaget’s tasks
  • Development of a theory of mind is enhanced by pretend play, shared pretense with other children, and discussion of emotion-provoking events with parents
  • Some level of language facility may be a necessary condition for the development of a theory of mind
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17
Q

What are the alternative theories of early childhood thinking?

A
  • information processing theories
  • metamemory
  • metacognition
  • vygotsky;s socio-cultural theory
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18
Q

what is short-term storage space (STSS)?

A
  • theorist Robbie Case’s term for the working memory

- There is a limit to how many ‘schemes’ can be attended to

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19
Q

What is operational efficiency?

A

a neo-Piagetian term that refers to the maximum number of schemes that can be processed in working memory at one time

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20
Q

Does operational efficiency improve or get worse as the child ages?

A

improves

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21
Q

What is metamemory?

A

knowledge about how memory works and the ability to control and reflect on one’s own memory function

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22
Q

What is metacognition?

A

knowledge about how the mind thinks and the ability to control and reflect on one’s own thought processes

23
Q

What are the stages of vygotskys socio-cultural theory?

A
  • primitive stage
  • naive psychology stage
  • egocentric speech satge
  • ingrowth stage
24
Q

What is the primitive stage?

A
  • part of vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory

- Infant possesses mental processes similar to animals-conditioning

25
Q

What is the naive psychology stage?

A
  • part of vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory

- Learns to use language to communicate but does not understand symbols

26
Q

What is the egocentric speech stage?

A
  • part of vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory
  • Uses language as a guide to solve problems
  • Becomes internalized by 6-7 (in their heads)
27
Q

What is the ingrowth stage?

A
  • part of vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory

- Logical thinking results from internalization of speech acquired from children and adults in a social world

28
Q

What type of language do children know when they enter early childhood?

A

Children enter the early childhood period producing only a limited number of words and simple sentences

29
Q

What type of language do children know leaving early childhood?

A
  • leave it as accomplished, fluent speakers of at least one language
30
Q

How does vocabulary grow from age 1-6? (how many words at what age?)

A
  • Age 1 year = a dozen words
  • Age 2½ = 600 words
  • Age 5 or 6 = 15,000 words
31
Q

What is fast mapping?

A

the ability to categorically link new words to real-world referents

  • categorize things that mean similar things – animals, cat/kitty
32
Q

What does grammar explosion include?

A
  • inflections
  • questions and negatives
  • overregularization
  • complex sentences
33
Q

What is using inflections?

A
  • Additions that change meaning

- Earliest inflection in English is the addition of –ing: “Where going?”

34
Q

What is using questions and negatives?

A

A set of rules is used that doesn’t match adult speech

35
Q

What is using overregularization?

A
  • Using rules when they don’t apply

Ex. Say mouses instead of mice

36
Q

What is using complex sentences?

A

Using conjunctions to combine two ideas or using embedded clauses

37
Q

What is phonological awareness?

A
  • Children’s understanding of the sound patterns of the language they are acquiring
  • Breakdown words or blend words to pronounce other words
  • Start to understand combination of sounds to say words
  • Knowledge of the language’s system for representing sounds with letters
38
Q

How can phonological awareness be learned?

A
  • Can be learned in school through instruction

- Primarily develops through word play (Nursery rhymes, Games involving repetitive words)

39
Q

The greater a child’s phonological awareness, the faster they learn _____

A

to read

40
Q

what is invented spelling?

A

a strategy young children with good phonological awareness skills use when they write

41
Q

Who is Canadian author malcolm Gladwell?

A

put forth the notion that language plays a role in our ability to master numbers

42
Q

What is numeracy?

A

ability to use numbers

43
Q

What factors influence numeracy?

A
  • Early parental/caregiver influences are important
44
Q

What is intelligence quotient (IQ)?

A

the ratio of mental age to chronological age; also, a general term for any kind of score derived from an intelligence test

45
Q

What does IQ predict well and unwell?

A

• IQ tests do a fairly good job of predicting success in school but don’t measure other variables of success

  • several important limitations; there is concerns over cultural biases associated with Indigenous children
    Ex. Mental state (anxiety, stress, fatigue), language and understanding
46
Q

Does heredity influence intelligence?

A

twin studies and studies of adopted children show strong heredity influences on IQ

  • highly important influence
47
Q

Does environment influence intelligence?

A
  • IQ is clearly due to environment or family influences, or interactions between environment and heredity
48
Q

what are specific family interactions that foster higher IQ scores?

A
  • More interesting, complex environment
  • Parental reaction and feedback
  • Parents use rich and accurate language in the “zone of proximal development”
  • Intergenerational influences (e.g., history of aggression)
49
Q

What is the impact that preschool influence has on intelligence?

A
  • Enrichment programs that start at infancy have a more profound effect than those that start at age 3
  • Long-term impact on children
    Less likely to be placed in special education, repeat a grade
    Higher scores in reading and math at age 12
50
Q

what are the 5 domains of readiness? and who identified them?

A
  • eleanor thomas
    1. Language and communication skill
    2. Academic skill
    3. Self-regulation of learning
    4. Self-control of behaviour
    5. Social competence and independence
51
Q

According to Thomas’ study, girls enter school with better:

A
  • communication skills
  • abilites in copying and symbol use
  • attention
  • self-control of impulsive behaviour
  • independence in dressing
52
Q

According to Thomas’ study,boys enter school with better:

A

curiosity

53
Q

Programs that target high risk children results in: (5)

A
  • Better school readiness
  • Less time spent in special education
  • Superior high school graduation rates
  • Higher employment income
  • Lower rates of criminal arrests
54
Q

What is reaction range?

A

a range between upper and lower boundaries for traits such as intelligence, which is established by one’s genes; one’s environment determines where, within those limits, one will fall

PSYC: Early Childhood (2 decks)

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