Social 10 Final Flashcards
individual identity:
the concept you develop about yourself that evolves over the course of your life
collective identity:
how individuals define themselves as belonging to a group based on markers such as race, ethnicity, culture, gender, socio-economic class, religion, dis/ability etc.
globalization:
the process by which the world’s citizens are becoming increasingly connected and interdependent
economic globalization:
the spread of trade, transportation, and communication systems worldwide in the interests of or promoting worldwide commerce.
- the increasing interconnectedness of the world
social globalization:
Social globalization refers to the sharing of ideas and information between and through different countries.
political globalization:
Political globalization refers to the intensification and expansion of political interrelations across the globe.
eurocentrism:
a form of ethnocentrism that uses European ethnic, national, religious, and linguistic criteria to judge other people and their cultures
transnational corporation:
A company that is based in one country while developing and manufacturing its products, or delivering its goods and services, in more than one country. Also called a multinational corporation.
media transnationals:
communication, information or entertainment that crosses international borders without the regulatory constraints normally associated with electronic media.
media concentration:
the gathering of ownership of newspapers and other media in the hands of a few large corporations.
media convergence:
the use of electronic technology to integrate media such as newspapers, books, TV, and the internet.
economies of scale:
savings that are achieved by producing, using, and buying things in large quantities.
homogenization:
the erasing of differences. When this term is applied to people, it often refers to the erasing of cultural differences so that people become more and more similar.
acculturation:
the cultural changes that occur when two cultures accommodate, or adapt to, each other’s worldviews
assimilation:
a process that occurs when the culture of a minority group is absorbed by another culture. The cultural identity of the minority group disappears as its members take on the identity of the other culture.
cultural revitalization:
the process of affirming and promoting people’s individual and collective cultural identity.
containerization:
the transporting of goods in standard-sized shipping containers
digital devide:
the gap that separates people who do and do not - have access to up-to-date digital technology
pop culture:
A short form for “popular culture,” which is the culture of the people. This term often refers to the current cultural trends that are spread by commercial mass media.
universalization:
the spread of culture, trends, customs, and practices around the world.
hybridization:
the combining of elements of two or more different things to create something new.
marginalization:
the act of treating someone or something as if they are not important: the act of treating a person or group as though they are insignificant by isolating and/or disempowering them
integration:
to bring together or incorporate (parts) into a whole
cultural content laws:
laws passed by a government to prevent a group’s cultural identity - including its artists, performers, songs, movies, and literature - from being overwhelmed by the media of a more dominant culture.
monoculture:
the active preservation of a country’s national culture via the exclusion of external influences.
democracy:
Democracy is often said to mean ‘rule by the people’. An example of this is any system of government in which people vote their elected representatives into parliament.
CRTC:
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commissions
- the agency that regulates broadcasting in Canada
APTN:
Aboriginal Peoples Television Network
- create a nationwide TV service for Aboriginal people
- world first national public aboriginal television network
- creates programs by and for aboriginal people and to share these programs with all canadians
perspective:
a particular attitude toward or way of regarding something; a point of view.
context:
circumstances or surroundings
global village:
- the world seen as a community in which people are connected by computers, television, etc., and all depend on one another.
- symbolize the growing connections among people around the world
imperialism:
one country’s domination over another country’s economic, political, and cultural institutions.
historical globalization:
a period that is often identified as beginning in 1492, when Christopher Columbus made his first voyage to the Caribbean, and ending after World War ll, when the United states and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers
- the historical process of the world becoming more interconnected
mercantilism:
a policy followed by European imperial powers from the 16th to the 19th century. In colonies, trade was strictly controlled to benefit the economy of the imperial power.
capitalism:
an economic system that advocates free trade, competition, and choice as a means of achieving prosperity.
grand exchange:
a trading process that began when Christopher Columbus brought seeds, fruit trees, and livestock to the Americas, where they were cultivated and became staples. In return, the Native North American species were exported to Europe. This exchange expanded to include different countries and products around the world.
industrial revolution:
the period between about 1750 and 1850, when work became mechanized and began to occur in factories. The Industrial Revolution brought about dramatic economic, social, and cultural change.
ethnocentrism:
a word that combines “ethnic” and “centre”. it refers to a way of thinking that centres on one’s own race and culture. Ethnocentric people believe that their worldview is the only valid one.
depopulation:
a reduction in population caused by natural or human-made forces.
deindustrialization:
the reduction in or loss of industries.
gross domestic product:
the value of all the goods and services a country produces in a year. GDP is often used to measure the strength of a country’s economy and the prosperity of its people.
Indian act:
first passed by the Canadian Parliament in 1876 and amended several times since then, this act continues to define who is - and is not - a status Indian. Early versions of the act banned some traditional practices of First Nations cultures and allowed only those who renounced Indian status to vote in federal elections.
status indian:
a First Nations person who is registered according to the provisions of the Indian Act and is therefore eligible to receive specific benefits.
residential schools:
boarding schools where First Nations children were gathered to work, live, and study. These schools were operated or subsidized by the Canadian government as an important element of the governments assimilation policy.
when did Christopher Columbus make his first voyage to the caribbean?
1492
when did the last residential school close?
1996
cultural mosaic:
a society that is made up of many distinct cultural groups.
multiculturalism:
an official Canadian government policy founded on the idea that Canadian society is pluralistic
cultural pluralism:
the idea that a variety of people are free to affirm and promote their identity, customs, traditions, beliefs, and language within a society.
quiet revolution:
a period of intense social political, and economic change in Quebec. During this period, which lasted from about 1960 to 1966, Quebecios began to assert their rights and affirm and promote their language and culture.
genocide:
The mass killing of human beings, especially towards a targeted group of people.
apartheid:
An Afriaans word that refers to a policy of segregating and discriminating against non-whites in South Africa.
enemy alien:
A label assigned during World War 1 and World War 2 to people from countries that were at war with Canada. The rights of enemy aliens were sometimes restricted, and some were even interned in camps.
non-governmental organization:
An organization established by groups of people to work toward specific goals and to gain public support in achieving these goals. NGOs depend on volunteer workers and donations, but they may also receive grants or contracts from governments. They may influence government policies at national and international levels.
foreign aid:
Money, supplies, and other goods, as well as expertise, are given by one country to another.
gross national income:
the amount of money earned by everyone in a country.
rules of mercantilism:
- colony’s raw materials were required to be shipped to the home country
- colonial entrepreneurs were not allowed to set up factories and use the colony’s raw materials to manufacture goods within the colony
- the products were made in the home country and then shipped back to the colony to be sold
indentured labour:
a form of contract labour in which labourers enter into an official agreement with their employer certifying that they will work for the employer either for a fixed length of time or until a debt has been paid. The indenture usually covered a period of four to seven years, but once this term ended, the worker was free.
who sparked the scramble for africa?
King Leopold II of Belgium in the 1880s when he claimed all the lands drained by the Congo River and its tributes as his own personal property (today the Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo)
scramble for Africa?
way in which European countries brought nearly all of the African continent under their control as part of their separate empires
when and how did India reach full independence?
in 1947 Mohandas Gandhi successfully led India to full independence through his strategy of swadeshi, a Hindi word that means “self-sufficiency”
what are some driving forces of colonization during early contact?
- Imperialistic ambitions
- Eurocentrism and ethnocentrism
- technological developments
- secure access to resources
- growing consumer appetite for material goods
when did Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) claim Newfoundland for Britain?
1497
when did Jacques Cartier sail up the St. Lawrence to claim land for France?
1535
when was the 7 year war?
1756 to 1763 - competition between France and Britain (Britain won)
goals of UN?
- keep the peace, security, and friendly relations among the
countries of the world - promote human rights
- protect the environment
- to fight poverty and disease
- help refugees
communism?
An economic and political system whose purpose is to eliminate class distinctions. Everyone would work for the benefit of all and would receive help as he or she needs it.
- The Soviet Union (Russia) was the first communist state
the great depression:
- During the late 1920s many countries were having an economic boom.
- On Tuesday, October 29 (Black Tuesday) share prices started going down. Worried investors started to sell which caused a panic and share prices plummeted even more.
- Chain reaction caused everything to go downhill. The entire world moved into an economic depression known as the great depression.
economic depression:
a period of low economic activity accompanied by high levels of unemployment.
reparations:
The act of making amends for wrong doing. Reparations may include payments made by a defeated enemy to countries whose territory was damaged during a war.
interdependence:
2 or more things/people depending or relying on one another
- situations where two or more parties(individuals, businesses, countries, etc.) depend on each other for the exchange of goods and the fulfillment of their necessities.
United nations:
an organization that was formed during world war 2 that would
- support people who wanted to choose their own government,
- help countries co-operate on trade issues,
- protect smaller countries against invasion by large countries,
- ensure that no single country controlled the world’s oceans
bretton woods conference:
- july 1944, representatives of 44 countries met in the small town of Bretton Woods in New Hampshire
- sponsored by the newly founded United Nations
- trying to figure out how they could prevent the kind of economic turmoil that could start another world war
john maynard keynes:
- led british delagation at bretton woods
- believed that the unresricted capitalism that had existed before World War one and that had existed between the two world wars had failed
- he says that the governments playing a very limiuted role in a country’s economy was wrong
friedrich hayek:
-disagreed with J.M. Keynes
- he mistrusted government control
- he said that the government should protect the market by ensuring that its rules and laws do not interfere with competition between businesses
General agreement on tariffs and trade:
- GATT
- signed in 1947
- members gradually agreed to eliminated all tariffs and trade barriers between one another
World Trade Organization:
WTO
-emerged from the GATT in1995 to increase international trade by lowering trade barriers nad making trade more predictable
- use sanctions to enforce its decisions or settle disputes
- also had rules to protect copyright and intellectual property
market economy:
an economy in which government regulations are reduced to a minimum and businesses are free to make their own decisions.
capitalist economy:
an economy that uses an economic system that advocates free trade, competition, and choice as a means of achieving prosperity
Milton Friedman:
- Believed that everyone would experience greater prosperity, as well as more political and social freedom if there was less government control.
outsourcing:
a business strategy that involves reducing costs by using suppliers of products and services in countries where labour is cheaper and government regulations may be less strict
trade liberalization:
a process that involves countries in reducing or removing trade barriers, such as tariffs and quotas, so goods and services can move around the world more freely.
free trade:
the trade that occurs when two or more countries eliminate tariffs and taxes on the goods and services they trade with one another.
consensus:
general agreement
sanctions:
a penalty. Often an economic penalty, such as a trade boycott, is taken to pressure a government to agree to carry out certain actions or follow certain rules
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA):
-immediately eliminated half of the trade barriers between the 3 countries
-an agreement that created a free trade area between the three major countries in North America: the United States, Canada, and Mexico
European union:
created a liberalized trading area in Europe
> goods, services, money, and people can move easily from one country to another
-27 members
e-commerce:
(electronic commerce)
is the trading of goods and services online
- stimulated by communication technologies
ecological footprint:
the area of the Earth’s surface necessary to sustain the level of resources a person uses and the waste they create
sustain:
to provide the basic necessities needed to support life
sustainability:
the degree to which Earth is able to provide the resources necessary to meet people’s needs.
stewardship:
accepting responsibility for ensuring that the earth’s resources remain sustainable
the resource gap:
the gap between the resources the earth can reasonably supply (1.89 hectares per person) vs what the people of the world now consume (2.8 hectares per person)
