SOC212 - 9. Sex Flashcards by Darlin Veloso | Brainscape

Q

Sexual Norms

A

Sexual behavior governed by norms that regulate socially acceptable practices
become sexual beings by acquiring “sexual scripts” that depict sex roles learned in a process of sexual socialization.

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Sexual Norms

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socialization perspective - through interaction with others
wide variety of acts - statuses, participants, surroundings
Normative behaviour & interaction
usually monogomous, male/female, vanilla, hot

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Q

Deviation from Sexual Norms

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Judgments of sexual deviation consider few important characteristics (DeLamater, 1981).
1) Degree of consent: norms the prohibit assault

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Deviation from Sexual Norms

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2) Identities of the participants: restrict legit sex between species, number of ppl

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Deviation from Sexual Norms

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3) Relationships between participants: incest prohibited, legitimate partners in term of age, kinship, restricted to marriage
4) Act and conduct: oral, anal, vaginal

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Deviation from Sexual Norms

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5) Setting + context: at house more appropriate than closet
informal social control
vary by group

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Q

Deviation from Sexual Norms

A

fetishes, sex work, polygamy, incest
some are policed with law over time
porno, BDSM, bestiality

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Q

Social Change

A

Sexual Revolution has led to increased permissiveness
concerning a number of sexual acts (i.e., premarital sexual
intercourse, spouse swapping, open marriages, etc.)

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Q

Social Change

A

sexual revolution came down to invention of pill
decoupled sex from reproduction
W able to become more sexual beings outside marriage

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Q

Sex & Deviance

A

Heterosexual deviance’ includes:
Premarital and Extramarital Sex
Sex Work
BDSM

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Q

Sex & Deviance

A

meaning of sexual deviance varies in different situations + dependent upon society’s norms
Technological Change

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Q

Sex & Deviance

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regardless would apply to all sexualities

cultural norms

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Q

Extramarital Sex

A

refers to sexual behavior by a married person with someone who is not their spouse
Reasons for engaging in extramarital affairs vary
by gender

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Q

Extramarital Sex

A

apply to ppl in all long term relationships
doesn’t change emotional ramifications
not always disapproved

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Q

Non-Monogamy

A

needs a lot of honesty and communication, trust and time managements to work
Monogamish Relationships:
more relaxed boundaries around sexual behaviour
negotiated between partners
emotionally monogamous, but not in sexual behaviours

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Q

Non-Monogamy

A

Open Relationships:
more sexually open
romantic or sexual relationships with others
been around since 70s

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Q

Non-Monogamy

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Polyamory:
relational exclusivity not necessary for loving relationships
can have romantic or sexual relationships with more than one person

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Q

Non-Monogamy

A

ethical and responsible nonmonogamy
three ppl dating
not polygamy - more egalitarian and consensual

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Q

Non-Monogamy

A

patriarchy
to take care of offspring
government encourages monogamy 
to solve welfare - for stability
religious beliefs

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Non-Monogamy

A

tradition
difficult to live on your own
economy structured around it
marriage linked to romantic love
in tv shows and movies - the one

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Q

BDSM: Bondage Domination and Submission Sadomasochism

A

Definition (1969) - range of practices from power/submission dynamic
whipped, latex, hung
many try it, but don’t identify with it
comes down to self-identification as opposed to practice

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BDSM: Bondage Domination and Submission Sadomasochism

A

Dom + Sub or switch
really egalitarian - doesn’t come down to sexual norms
unequal and complementary power dynamics
still largely misunderstood

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Q

BDSM: Bondage Domination and Submission Sadomasochism

A

Legal status
technically illegal in Canada - can’t consent to any harm - except doctor or sports, piercing or tattoo because broad social/cultural value
bodily harm

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Q

BDSM: Bondage Domination and Submission Sadomasochism

A

Consent: initial consent is negated due to bodily harm
enthusiastic, ongoing - needs to be constantly negotiated
contracts

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Q

BDSM: Bondage Domination and Submission Sadomasochism

A

stats are hard to come by - loose consensus that it is more common than ppl think
Kinsey - 1 in 20 engage in BDSM
problems - can be used as cloak for abuse

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Q

BDSM: Bondage Domination and Submission Sadomasochism

A

not anymore risky than normal sex, but seen as more extreme due to violation of social norms
Kink: Healthy kink requires responsible, ethical partners, safe techniques

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Q

BDSM: Bondage Domination and Submission Sadomasochism

A

•Safeword: signals continuing consent
•Aftercare: make sure they are in same mental + physical health before and after
feedback on what worked, what doesn’t

Q

Sex & the Internet

A

Several people use internet to promote sexual services as
means to make money.
promote sexual services

Q

Sex & the Internet

A

remote sexual stimulation within and outside of relationships
Sex work, phone sex, hook up sites & apps, RLC, etc. (escort services, nonpaid site - tinder, POF)

Q

Sex & the Internet

A

Cybersex (sexting, snapchat)
expand + facilitate hookup culture
red light centre - sims but a whole lot of sex

Q

Sex Work vs. Prostitution

A

Sex work highlights commercialized nature of some forms of sex: can be exotic dancing, massages, phone sex, escort
Nature and Extent: work that deals with impersonal sexual activity where there is an exchange of money
arrests target ppl in early 20, most are white

Q

Sex Work vs. Prostitution

A

20% of adult men have some experience with prostitutes
more tertiary deviance - sex work
prostitution has negative connotations
excludes child prostitutes, human trafficking
International

Q

Sex Work vs. Prostitution

A

Types of Prostitutes: call girls, street walkers, bar girls
probably a hierarchy - street vs escort
prostitutes at work - party girls, career climbers (sleeps with boss)

Q

Sex Work vs. Prostitution: Dimensions of Sex Work

A

Networks: deviant street networks will develop

drug dealers, husslers, prostitution

Q

Sex Work vs. Prostitution: Dimensions of Sex Work

A

Pathways: many diff ways - child prostitution (child abuse, neglect, coercion), adolescents (abuse, dysfunctional families), others just see it as a job
forced onto streets because it’s illegal which makes it more dangerous

Q

Exchanging Sex for Drugs

A

Drug-motivated competition has decreased prices for prostitution services: correlation to substance abuse
Sex workers & drugs: sex for drugs, then get addicted to the drugs

Q

Exchanging Sex for Drugs

A

Intravenous drugs use & HIV: link to HIV - sex workers and prostitutes, often have safer sex practices and if contracted it’s probably through needles

Q

Canadian Legal History & Sex Workers’ Rights

A

Prostitution law in Canada: prostitution is legal, but not everything around it
before: negotiation is not legal, body houses no longer legal, not able to work in groups

Q

Canadian Legal History & Sex Workers’ Rights

A

when adult sex work is criminalized, decrease control over conditions
decriminalization ensuring they have full access to health, safety and human rights

Q

Canadian Legal History & Sex Workers’ Rights

A

right to work safely, without stigma or discrimination
can’t talk to someone, don’t know if they’re killers
police don’t believe them, or value their opinion, legally consent is ongoing

Q

Canadian Legal History & Sex Workers’ Rights

A

more vulnerable to attack on streets and by themselves

advocacy - Bad Date Lists - sex workers can post description if they have a bad John

Q

Canadian Legal History & Sex Workers’ Rights

A

Supreme Court Challenge, 2013 - struck down laws and gave gov to replace them
laws prohibiting brothels to be unconstitutional
purchase of sexual services illegal
protect prostitutes, but punish the Johns

Q

Canadian Legal History & Sex Workers’ Rights

A

reduce demand - not concerned with health and safety
Bill C-36, 2014
Sex Workers Rights
The law and harm

Q

Prostitution & Social Control

A

generally focused on punishing prostitution
green - prostitution legal and regulated
Blue - prostitute is punished

Q

Prostitution & Social Control

A

yellow - buying sex illegal yet prostitution is legal
red - illegal
mostly red everywhere

Q

Sex Workers’ Rights

A

1973 - call for decriminalization

Laws against prostitution generally discriminate against women, cause harm

Q

Sex Workers’ Rights

A

no autonomy for sexuality - mysoginistic

COYOTE (Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics): this organization attempted to change public attitudes toward prostitution by

Q

Sex Workers’ Rights

A

calling for decriminalization - goal to eliminate social stigma
teritary deviance
not all prostitution forced - merely service occupation
denial of choice to engage violates social rights

Q

Obscenity Laws in Canada

A

Obscenity Law (legal term)
“any publication a dominant characteristic of which is the undue exploitation of sex, or of sex and any one or more of the following subjects, namely, crime, horror, cruelty and
violence, shall be deemed to be obscene.”

Q

Obscenity Laws in Canada

A

lack of general consensus - difficulty in determining prevalence
more accessible - internet created vast new opportunities for distributing and creating porn

Q

Obscenity Laws in Canada

A

unique challenges for prosecution
has to be crime, cruelty in conjunction with sex
lack of agreement for definition except for definition of child porno which is used as legal term

Q

Obscenity Laws in Canada

A

Child Pornography: “visual representations of explicit sexual activity involving anyone under the age of 18 or depicted as being so”

Q

Obscenity Laws in Canada

A

written material or visual representations that depict it
distributing, encouraging, possessing or creating it is illegal
sexting can be considered child porn if one is not of legal age
can lead to cyber bullying
intent and practice not necessarily well link

Q

Obscenity Laws in Canada

A

Implications: obscenity law more laxed now, used to target gay or lesbian book stores in 70s
can be used to target certain groups

Q

Pornography Laws (U.S.)

A

Miller v. California (1973):
Supreme Court ruled states can class material as obscene and ban it if an average person, applying contemporary standards, would find it:

Q

Pornography Laws (U.S.)

A

Appeals to “prurient interests in sex,”
Describes sexual conduct “in a patently offensive way,”
“Taken as a whole, lacks serious literacy, artistic, political, or scientific value.”

Q

Pornography & Everyday Life

A

Available in a variety of formats:
Mass media outlets, such as films, novels, television
shows, periodicals, + newspapers, graphically portray sexual images and behaviors.

Q

Pornography & Everyday Life

A

Internet

stuff would have been illegal 20 years ago

Q

Pornography & Everyday Life

A

Careers: see it as a career
like the money or sex or the hours
Norm promotion: make condoms normative

Q

Critiques of Pornography

A

Critics of pornography deplore its perceived effect
of promoting female submission and male
domination (Leuchtag, 1995).
perpetuates stigma, taboos
push the envelope to entice ppl more

Q

Critiques of Pornography

A

Promotes attitudes that perpetuate “rape myth”—women say “no” but really mean “yes”; therefore, men can feel justified in acting upon woman’s refusal of sex as an indication of willingness.

Q

Critiques of Pornography

A

•Catharine MacKinnon 
reduces women to sex objects
distorted view of sexuality
physical, economical coercion of women
more oppressive and violence toward women

Q

Effects & Functions

A

Pornography may encourage healthy behavior + prevent
crime: sex criminals come from sexually strict families - less exposure to sexual representation than other ppl (correlational)

Q

Effects & Functions

A

Sexual Expression: personal growth in sexual expression

Pornography arouses both women and men

Q

Effects & Functions

A

Feminist Pornography: porn created by feminists
respected, paid fairly, includes preference, better representation of women
site of women’s agency