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SOC212 > SOC212 - 3. Interpersonal Violence > Flashcards

SOC212 - 3. Interpersonal Violence Flashcards

0
Q

Introduction

A

related to some of most fundamental features of social life:

Age, Sex, Social Class, Residence

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1
Q

Introduction

A

Deviance is structured behavior, not random

related to social conditions people find themselves in and social positions (roles) they employ.

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2
Q

Crime as Deviance

A

deviant behavior + results from an act that violates a law,

which is particular kind of norm

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3
Q

Crime as Deviance

A

2 ways to examine crime:
•violation of the criminal law
•violation of any law that triggers punishment by state

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4
Q

Three categories of criminal activity

A
  • Common law crimes (conventional or street crime)
  • White-collar crimes
  • Delinquency (adolescent violations)
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5
Q

Mala in se crimes

A

crimes that are bad in themselves

murder + incest

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6
Q

Mala prohibita

A

crimes because the law prohibits them
J-Walking, drunk driving, building codes, tax laws
reactions to social + technological changes

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7
Q

Crime as Deviance

A

Offenses only juveniles can commit are often referred to as status offenses
For example: running away from home + truancy

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8
Q

Crime as Deviance

A

crime must incorporate elements of actus reus + mens rea
Behavior that violates the law (actus reus) constitutes a crime only if the actor pursues some criminal intent (mens rea).

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9
Q

Criminal Career

A

Differs from noncriminal career in the acquisition of criminal norms that lead to criminal acts + individual’s
view of the criminal behavior

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10
Q

Criminal Career

A

Involves a lifelong organization of roles built around criminal activities, such as:
Identification with crime
Commitment to crime as a social role + characteristic activity

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11
Q

Criminal Career

A

Progression in crime through development of increasingly complex criminal techniques + increasingly sophisticated criminal attitudes.

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12
Q

Homicide in Canada

A

Culpable Homicide: causing death of human being by unlawful act, criminal negligence
meant to cause them harm
Nonculpable: armed forces

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13
Q

Homicide in Canada

A

First Degree Murder: killing is planned + deliberate
killing officer, highjacking, sexual assault
automatic life sentence, no chance of parole for 25 years

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14
Q

Homicide in Canada

A

Second Degree Murder: still intentional
heat of the moment,
assaults
automatic life sentence, parole betw 10-25 years

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15
Q

Homicide in Canada

A

Manslaughter: culpable murder with no intent
crimes of passion - provocation
victim of abuse that kills abuser
no set sentence - highest level is life in prison
• Infanticide-

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16
Q

Homicide in Canada

A

crime peaked in 70s, but gone down, fear of crime is high
feel more at risk for crime more than ever
facination of media with crime
2013: 505 murders, 165 in ontario
nunavut - crime looks high, but smaller pop
gun deaths, gang deaths, intimate partner homicide are down

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17
Q

Global Homicide

A

-highest rate in africa, latin america US among developed
higher population, but homicide rate going down as well
countries believe in machisma

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18
Q

Group Variations in Homicide

A

Homicide rates vary by:
Country, Regions (i.e., South vs. North), Local Difference
(poor neighborhoods vs. wealthy neighborhoods)
Race, Social Class, Age, Sex, access to resources

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19
Q

Group Variations in Homicide

A

highest among males betw 18-24 (homicide, assault)
murder similar race, class, age, sex, access to resources
low recidivism - don’t usually do it again

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20
Q

Interaction Between Offender & Victim

A

Most murders + aggravated assaults represents violent responses to social interactions betw 1/more parties
> 1/2 of all murderers know their victims.

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21
Q

Differential Power

A

Understanding & Explaining Violence:

must also understand another characteristic of offenders and victims: differential power

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22
Q

Differential Power

A

violence usually establish or reestablish power

in assaults, abuse, relationships

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23
Q

Understanding and Explaining Violence

A

•distribution of violent crime suggests looking for the subculture in the inner-city regions of urban areas
within location - what is happening there?
gangs - promote violence

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24
Q

Understanding and Explaining Violence

A

High income inequality can inspire hostility + frustration, as people resent their economic + social positions relative to those of others

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25
Q

Development of Dangerous

Violent Offenders

A

Some violent crimes result when certain ppl characteristically resort to violence in varied situations + circumstances

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26
Q

Development of Dangerous

Violent Offenders

A

Rhodes (1999) indicates 4 stages ppl become dangerous violent offenders:

  1. Brutalization: physical coercion
  2. Belligerency: resort to violence in relationships (socialized)
27
Q

Development of Dangerous

Violent Offenders

A
  1. Violent Performances (intention to hurt other)

4. Virulency: convinces them as violent ppl, not as ppl capable of violence

28
Q

Missing & Murdered

A

1017 murdered Aboriginal women + 164 missing
(1980-2013)
•4.3% of female population
•16% of homicide victims

29
Q

Missing & Murdered

A

•Police failure & systemic discrimination (Human Rights Watch)
•Public Inquiry - nothing’s happened yet
disregard for native issues

30
Q

Child Abuse

A

physical/mental injury, sexual abuse, negligent treatment, or maltreatment of a child under the age of 18 by person who responsible for child’s health or welfare is harmed or threatened thereby

31
Q

Child Abuse

A

children and women used to be considered property until late 1800s
in early 1870s - case of 8 year old girl whipped and beaten daily at foster home
closest organization that could help were aspca - horses had better rights

32
Q

Child Abuse

A

Risk factors or family characteristics that contribute to child abuse
Family Size, Income, Single-parent households

33
Q

Child Abuse

A

Alcohol and drug abuse, coping skills, social support (daycare)

34
Q

Child Abuse

A

2 conditions distinguish child sexual abuse:
“abuser is older than the child and in a position of
authority over the child”

35
Q

Child Abuse

A

Child sexual abuse involves behaviors such as

exhibitionism, fondling of genitals, and mutual masturbation, as well as intercourse.

36
Q

Intimate Partner Violence

A

Both men + women use physical force at
about the same rate
Women are more likely than men to receive injuries from
abuse that requires medical attention

37
Q

Intimate Partner Violence

A

Spouse abuse occurs largely among members of the
lower class
stress, not being able to achieve goals
deplorable responses to stress

38
Q

Intimate Partner Violence

A

disproportionately high levels in same sex relationships

lower SES - aren’t able to leave, have children

39
Q

Elder Abuse

A

Elderly ppl sometimes experience abuse in nursing
homes or while living with younger family members
increasing with amount of baby boomers

40
Q

Elder Abuse

A

rate of abuse occurs in 4 to 6 percent among older people, if physical, psychological, and financial abuse and neglect are included

41
Q

Forcible Rape

A

min 18-10 years

1 person unlawfully compels another to engage in sexual intercourse/interaction against that victim’s will

42
Q

Forcible Rape

A

Although forcible rape is often underreported, the FBI (2009) recorded 89,000 rapes in 2008.

43
Q

Sexual Assault in Canada

A

in canada (2013) - 60 for 100,000
1/3 women experienced sexual assault in 90s, but 6% reported
only 1-2% of date rape is reported - someone you know

44
Q

Sexual Assault in Canada

A

Sexual Assaul
Sexual assault with a weapon, threats to a third party or
causing bodily harm - 14 years
Aggravated Sexual Assault - max life in prison

45
Q

Sexual Assault in Canada

A 
1/4 in NA will be sexually assaulted
80% are women
57% aboriginal women
1/5 involve weapon
80% assailants are friends or family
46
Q

Sexual Assault in Canada

A

far more common than most ppl think
very few are ever reported
young or vulnerable are most likely to be abused + assault
most are close to victim
most assaulters are young men 18-25, also victims same demographic
intraracial crime

47
Q

Legal History of Sexual Assault

A

-first definition of rape in 1890: act of a man having carnal not his wife without her consent, or with consent which has been extorted by threats or fear of bodily harm, obtained by personating the woman’s husband, or by false and fraudulent representations as to the nature and quality of the act
says men could not get raped
1983: applicable in marriage - made it illegal for husbands to rape wives finally, gender neutral, 3 diff types of sexual assault

48
Q

Legal History of Sexual Assault

A

991: Victim cannot consent to intentional infliction of bodily harm, Past sexual history of the victim can be used in certain circumstances
992: Silence does not equal consent
995: Private records of the victim can be used in certain circumstances
998: Sex discrimination in the policing of rape condemned by court
2011: Consent cannot be communicated in advance - has to be ongoing

49
Q

Date Rape

A

form of rape where victims of these sexual assaults know their attackers, who usually rape them after dates or other social occasions that the couples attend.

50
Q

Date Rape

A

Many date rapes go unreported because of the
further embarrassment to the victim.
Only 2% of date rapes are reported to police.

51
Q

Date Rape

A

lots of rape prevention are focused on women

goal is to stop rape, by teach women to protect themselves, when we should teach men not to rape

52
Q

Male Victims & Prison Rape

A

Men being victims of sexual assault often remains hidden from the police by a reluctance to report the crime
Over 31,000 jail inmates incarcerated in 2008 were
victims of sexual assault

53
Q

Male Victims & Prison Rape

A

Victims are disproportionately white + most are heterosexuals
threatens sense of masculinity
makes them gay

54
Q

Political Context of Rape

A

changing conception of sexual assault as a crime of

violence rather than a crime of sex has helped dramatically to reorient thinking about the offense.

55
Q

Political Context of Rape

A

observers regard forcible rape as a political act, because it reflects an exercise of power by one group (males) over another (females)
extension of patriarchy

56
Q

Rape Reporting

A

Sexual Assault: Only 6% of sexual assaults are reported to police

57
Q

Reasons rape is underreported

A

Rape is an emotionally upsetting and deeply humiliating.

Victims often encounter a strong stigma

58
Q

Reasons rape is underreported

A

Victims sometimes must deny implications that they
consented to the sex acts by either resisting too weakly or
leading on their assailants
response is strange: look at women as causing it

59
Q

Reasons rape is underreported

A

Reasons rape is underreported
Some victims’ stories are doubted by police officials.
Victims face embarrassing questioning about the crime.

60
Q

Rape Reporting

A

Courtroom treatment may involve previous sexual
experience in an attempt to discredit the victims story
that they were raped and not willing.
victim blaming

61
Q

Theories of Rape

A

Psychiatric and psychological approaches to rape stress causes like rapists’ hidden aggression + classification schemes with categories like power rapists and sexual rapists.

62
Q

2 kinds of sexually aggressive men

A

those who admit to sexual contact and define that contact

as rape and those who admit sexual contact but deny it was rape

63
Q

sociological theories advance several explanations in rape

A

Rape represents and extension of legitimate violence in society
Rape varies with the degree of gender inequality; increasing equality between the sexes reduces the likelihood of rape

64
Q

Theories of Rape

A

Rape results in part from depictions of women as sexual
objects in pornography
Rape results from value conflicts in the larger society
women’s rights vs men’s privilege
moral reaction to sexuality

65
Q

Society’s Reaction to

Crimes of Personal Violence

A

Society expresses an extremely severe reaction to murder, aggravated assault + forcible rape by enacting strict laws.

66
Q

Society’s Reaction to

Crimes of Personal Violence

A

Legal penalties include lengthy prison terms + under some circumstances, execution
Social Movements: advocating police not the blame the victim - slut walk
no one deserves it

SOC212 (13 decks)

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