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soc100 Flashcards

1
Q

What are social research methods?

A

A wide range of techniques for and approaches to learning about the social world following a plan or research design

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2
Q

What are the 5 main goals of sociological research methods?

A
  1. Enumeration
  2. Prediction
  3. Explanation
  4. Debunking
  5. Social justice
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3
Q

What is enumeration used for?

A

data to lay out basic characteristics of our society (census)

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4
Q

Why is prediction so important in the research process

A

Lots of money and resources are put into which strategy will achieve your goal. You must be accurate about your predictions

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5
Q

Explanation in the research process serves what purpose?

A

Most published work that is aimed at finding out how much x affects y and the likely reasons for connections.

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6
Q

Why is debunking important in the research process?

A

It proves that popular belief or common sense is wrong about some things in society

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7
Q

What does Social Justice entail in the research process?

A

it allows understanding of the experiences of marginalized and oppressed social groups, with the goal of social change

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8
Q

What are the steps of the research process?

A
  1. Identify an area of study
  2. Formulating a research question and hypothesis
  3. Conducting literature review
  4. Developing a research design
  5. Collecting and analyzing data
  6. Write up and dissemination
  7. Critical reflection
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9
Q

What makes literature review important in the research process?

A

Literature review allows the researcher a good idea of what has been studied in the past, and if there are any research gaps that need to be filled. Literature review also allows further validity of your hypothesis or study.

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10
Q

What are the three guiding principles of a research question?

A

1.Clarity: Clear formation of the research question that is easy to understand.
2.Specificity: Specific formulation of the research question, avoiding vague language and terminology
3.Feasibility: Formulation of an answerable research question that can be tackled in a single project

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11
Q

What is the function of research design?

A

The blueprint of the study, which includes the study type, research question, hypothesis, variables, data collection, and statistical analysis plan.

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12
Q

Operationalization refers to:

A

The process of measuring and comparing an abstract theoretical concept.

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13
Q

What is mass media and what does it include?

A

A collection of media organizations that communicate information to the public. Print, cinema, photography, recordings, radio and television

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14
Q

What is meant by the “new media”

A

Media has expanded to many different platforms and decentralized from corporations to individuals

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15
Q

What is a podcast?

A

A digital audio file that is downloadable to a device for flexible listening.

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16
Q

Why are people 18-34 likely watching podcasts?

A

keep up to date on topics and learn something new
alternative to music

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17
Q

What is considered “fake news”?

A

Hoaxes or the deliberate use of misinformation in the traditional news or social media

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18
Q

Is misinformation intentional?

A

no

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19
Q

Is disinformation intentional?

A

yes

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20
Q

What is “political economy”?

A

The study of power relations at the intersection of media, economics, and politics.

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21
Q

What did Marx mean by “dominant ideology”

A

The ideas, values, and norms shared by the majority in a given society; often promotes the beliefs of the dominant class

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22
Q

How does dominant ideology affect media?

A

It is critical for maintaining the status quo and justifying capitalism. Responsible for keeping governments and other institutions in check.

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23
Q

Who controls the content of messages and mechanisms of diffusion in media?

A

The elites

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24
Q

Who are the “elites”

A

People in positions of power who control the means of production and dissemination of mass content.

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25
Q

What is consumer culture?

A

Simple and light-hearted topics of broad appeal that elicit a consumer to purchase goods and services

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26
Q

What is polarization?

A

Polarization maintains the dominant ideology - Identifying enemies or alliances that aid in the justification of the elites strategy.

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27
Q

What is citizen journalism?

A

Reporting and news coverage by people who are not professional journalists, who use social media to counter the messaging present in the dominant ideology

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28
Q

What is the Bechdel test? What sis the criteria?

A

A test that discovers inequal gender roles and domestication of women in popular films.
Criteria includes:
1. It includes at least two women
2. Who have at least one conversation
3. About something other than a man or men.

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29
Q

Conflict theory related to media:

A

Social group fight to maintain the media
The mass media helps maintain dominant ideologies
Elites maintain power over the mass media

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30
Q

Feminist theory related to media:

A

The mass media perpetuate gender stereotypes and patriarchal values

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31
Q

Structural functionalism related to the media:

A

The mass media is important in society, it keeps the public informed
The mass media serves as a watchdog over governments

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32
Q

Symbolic interactionism on the media:

A

Meaning is conveys through symbols in the media
Symbols are embedded in the mass media that convey authority and give mass media credibility

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33
Q

What is Web 2.0?

A

The second stage of development of the World Wide Web, introducing user generated content

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34
Q

Participatory culture:

A

A culture where consumers can purchase products, services, and information as easily as they produce them

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35
Q

What is “prosumption”

A

The blend of production and consumption, describing the process of customers playing a role in end projects

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36
Q

What does the public media ownership entail?

A

Owned by the government, used to spread information about Canadian norms and values

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37
Q

What does private media ownership entail?

A

Owned by corporation, focus of revenue and sales advertisements.

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38
Q

What is media concentration?

A

The ownership of many industries, products, or content by one company or organization

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39
Q

What are the four functions that media contributes to social order?

A
  1. Surveillance of the environment
  2. Correlation of parts of society
  3. Transmission of social heritage
    4: Entertainment
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40
Q

What is the propaganda model?

A

Media companies and businesses will transmit content that reflects their interests

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41
Q

What does Antonio Gramsci credit for Marx’s working class revolution never materializing?

A

The dominant group wins the voluntary consent of popular masses; hegemony

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42
Q

Social Constructionism

A

Analyzes the process by which the objective facts of social life acquire objectivity

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43
Q

What is Erving Goffman known for? (media)

A

Advertisements depict masculinity and femininity; not males and females. The cues represented in media about gendered roles

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44
Q

Absolute poverty:

A

Complete lack of necessities

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45
Q

Relative poverty:

A

Inadequacy in compared to average living standards

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46
Q

What is a Low-Income Measure (LIM)?

A

represents people who make less than half of the average income

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47
Q

What is a Low-Income Cut-Off?

A

Low income - spending 20% more than the average Canadian (based on income) on necessities

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48
Q

What is the Market Basket Measure?

A

Estimates the costs of basic goods and represents the basic standard of living for a family

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49
Q

Social Stratification:

A

A hierarchal system of inequality based on class, socioeconomic status, and power combines with gender and ethnicity

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50
Q

Social mobility:

A

Movement within and between classes

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51
Q

Vertical mobility:

A

Movement between classes

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52
Q

Systems of Social Stratification:

A
  • Slavery
  • Estates
  • Social class
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53
Q

What is achieved status?

A

“anyone can make it through hard work” - meritocracy

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54
Q

What is ascribed status?

A

Our social class is generally that of our parents

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55
Q

Functionalist theory: The Davis-Moore Thesis:

A

Inequalities exist in all societies and are necessary. Positions that are rewarded with the highest economic gains have the highest importance for society.
Criticism: Does not take into account some are unable to afford moving out of their social class.

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56
Q

Karl Marx - Social structure

A

Distorted through private property, division of labor and alienated labor. The drive for private property was primarily responsible for creating the 2-class system

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57
Q

Weber - Social structure

A

Weber doubted that overthrowing capitalism was the answer to inequality; socialism would transfer power from capitalist class to government elites.

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58
Q

What were the three powers in the U.S according to C. Wright Mills?

A

The military elite, The corporate elite, and The political elite

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59
Q

What is Neoliberalism

A

Emphasizes privitization, deregulation, and reduction of welfare state through reduction of social programs and lowering taxes.

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60
Q

Conspicuous Consumption:

A

Ostentatious display of wealth

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61
Q

Individual classism:

A

Classism on a personal level, behaviours and attitudes, conscious and intentional; unconscious and unintentional

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62
Q

Institutional classism:

A

Conscious or unconscious classism manifested in societal institutions

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63
Q

Cultural classism:

A

Classism manifests through our cultural norms and practices

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64
Q

What is the “definition” of family for academic and policy research?

A

legal obligations and family structures rather than attraction, love, and obligation or the services that intimates provide for each other.

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65
Q

Describe nuclear family

A

Consists of parents and children sharing a dwelling

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66
Q

Describe Extended family

A

Consists of several generations or adult siblings with their spouses and children who share a dwelling

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67
Q

Define a modified extended family

A

Consists of several generations who live near each other and maintain close social and economic contact

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68
Q

Statistics Canada’s definition of Census Family

A

A married couple and the children, if any, of either and/or both partners; or a parent of any marital status in a one-parent-family with at least one child living in the same dwelling and the child / children.
All members of a particular census family live in the same household

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69
Q

What is monogamy?

A

One spouse

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70
Q

What is polygamy?

A

More than one spouse at a time - illegal

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71
Q

What is polygyny?

A

Male has more than one wife - Second wife elevates status of first wife

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72
Q

What is Polyandry?

A

Female has more than one husband - usually to keep family assets. Reduces offspring labour

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73
Q

Government of Canada’s definition of arranged marriage:

A

Parents or other family members may recommend a marriage partner. The individual ultimately chooses whether or not to marry. Both give consent

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74
Q

Gov of Canada’s definition of forced marriage (criminal code 2015)

A

Forcing someone to get married against their will. Aiding or assisting in child marriage.

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75
Q

Is the traditional family still the norm?

A

Yes, it is seen as normative though the family structure is drastically changing despite this

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76
Q

What is the Family Ideal?

A

Partiarchal
Heterosexual
Marriage
Dependent children
Economically independent unit

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77
Q

When was gay marriage legalized in Canada?

A

2005

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78
Q

What % of Canadians live in common-law relationships ? (2021)

A

13%

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79
Q

What % of Canadians live common-law?

A

23%

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80
Q

What percentage of PQ couples are common law? (2016)

A

40%

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81
Q

What is the reasoning behind regional differences in cohabitation?

A

PQ:
The Quiet Revolution
The Feminist Movement

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82
Q

What are the reasons why Canada has a declining fertility rate?

A

Urbanization and Industrialization eliminates need for labor

Mandatory and free schooling (1900) so children were less available for labor

Health of mothers and well-being of children - more women working full time

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83
Q

In what year was abortion made legal?

A

1969

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84
Q

When was oral contraception made available?

A

1969

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85
Q

What was involved in the Divorce Act? When did it come about?

A

1968
Provision for 3 year separation
1985 - further amended to 1 year

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86
Q

What are the effects caused by the Divorce act provisions?

A

Increased divorce rates
40% of all marriages end in divorce today
Increased complex multiple-family arrangements
We live/ married longer, relationships are more at risk

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87
Q

Who created the work supporting critical race theory?

A

W.E.B Du Bois (1868-1963)

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88
Q

What does Critical Race Theory focus on?

A

Racial inequalities in the distribution of social goods, economy, within the state, and within civil society

Criticizes liberal notions of objectivity, meritocracy, and color blindness.

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89
Q

When did Critical Race Theory emerge?

A

1970s- Anti-racist lawyers started questioning the legal system and the way it treated black defendants and inmates

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90
Q

What is Moynihan (1965) The Negro Family: The Case For National Action

A

Higher percentage of black wives out-earned their husbands compared to white wives - this undercuts the role of the father leading to domestic violence, substance abuse, crime and degeneracy

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91
Q

William Julius Wilson perspective on ‘the negro family’

A

Marriage black index-
Fewer than 50 marriageable black men to 100 black women.

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92
Q

Patricia Hill Collins (1990) perspective on ‘the negro family’

A

Owing to slavery when families were broken apart - this broader notion of family contributes to many African American families relying on extrafamilial community members to raise their children.

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93
Q

How do sociologists define deviance?

A

people, behavior, and conditions subject to social control

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94
Q

What is “social control”

A

The ways in which members of social groups express their disapproval of people and behavior

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95
Q

What can deviance be ?

A

Behavior that violates norms, standards of conduct or expectations of a group / society

Behavior that elicits moral condemnation

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96
Q

What are some variants of deviance?

A

Not always negative
Does not always involve breaking the law
Varies by setting
Varies by time

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97
Q

How is crime defined?

A

Behavior that violates formal norms
Violation of criminal law enacted by the federal gov.

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98
Q

What are the two elements that crime is composed of?

A

The act itself (or failure to act) Actus Rectus
Criminal Intent (guilty mind) Mens Rea

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99
Q

What are Violent Crimes?

A

Crimes against people that involve violence or the threat of violence

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100
Q

What are property crimes?

A

Crimes that involve theft or property belonging to others

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101
Q

What are victimless crimes?

A

Violations of law in which there are no obvious victims

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102
Q

What are the four general purposes of prison?

A

Retribution
Incapacitation
Deterrence
Rehabilitation

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103
Q

What are the gender differences in criminality?

A

Males are more likely to be involved in criminal behavior
28% of Indigenous males to 40% of Indigenous females in the federal inmate population

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104
Q

What age group is most likely to offend?

A

Those in late teens / early twenties

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105
Q

Homicide in Canada:

A

Men are most likely to be perpetrators
Perpetrators are often known to victim
Drugs are often involved

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106
Q

What two factors are expected to increase homicide in Canada?

A

Increased access to handguns
Increased inequality

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107
Q

What are some explanations for the decrease in homicide?

A

Aging population
Surveillance technology
Shift to community policing
Increased access to abortion
More women in leadership roles

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108
Q

What is anomie?

A

normlessness

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109
Q

Emile Durkheims perspective on deviance:

A

In times of rapid change, norms and values weaken. People are not tied to social order and feel released from controls on behaviours.

110
Q

Describe strain theory - Robert Merton (1910-2003)

A

Deviance increases when social structure prevents people from achieving culturally defined goals through legitimate means. This strain develops various forms of deviance.

111
Q

What is Travis Hirschi’s (1969) Control theory on the causes of delinquency?

A

Most important factor is the weak bonds with parents
This argument is weak

112
Q

What is Gottfredson and Hirschi’s (1990) “The General Theory of Crime”?

A

Low self control causes deviance and criminal activity.

113
Q

What was theorized to be the personality of people with low self-control (age 7)

A

Self-centred
Inability to defer gratification
Lack of diligence and tenacity
Risk-seeking
Impulsive
Insensitive to the needs of others

114
Q

Describe the Broken Windows Theory

A

Crime occurs whenever / wherever social controls are not strong.
Signs off social disorganization become more visible, poor communities degenerate into more crime

115
Q

What was the 2004 Community Standards Bylaw ? Calgary

A

Citizens are responsible for keeping their property at or above minimum standards

116
Q

What is the Conflict Theory surrounding Deviance?

A

Explains deviance in reference to social and political factors; those in power define what is deviant and have the means to enforce social control

117
Q

Karl Marx on deviance:

A

Workers/ unemployed lack commitment to existing social order owing to its exploitative nature

118
Q

Micheal Foucault (1926-1984) - What are the two ways that is power always operating upon us?

A

Surveillance: The indirect or direct observation of conduct toward producing confformity

Self-surveillance: Monitoring our own behaviors in order to prevent being seen as deviant

Detection and correction

119
Q

Contemporary Critical Sociology - Risk governance techniques and power researchers believe:

A

Surveillance today is about prevention and risk spreading

Requires less expenditure of political resources

120
Q

Edwin Lemert (1951) Labeling theory:

A

Deviance label may result in deviance amplification

121
Q

What is primary deviance?

A

Owing to deviant behaviour, does not necessarily impact our identity

122
Q

What is secondary deviance?

A

Owing to deviant identity; self-fulfilling prophecy

123
Q

What is Pygmalion ? What are the 4 factors?

A

High expectations allow better performance while low expectations allow low performance

  1. Climate factor
  2. Input factor
  3. Response-opportunity factor
  4. Feedback factor
124
Q

What is a “master status”?

A

A status characteristic that overrides other characteristics in terms of how others see an individual (a convicted murderer).

125
Q

What is Discredited Stigma?

A

Stigma that is predominantly visible: race, ethnicity, gender etc.

126
Q

What is Discreditable stigma?

A

Individuals who have stigma that is predominantly invisible

127
Q

What is status degradation?

A

Rituals where deviant status is conferred
Court rooms, incompetency hearings

128
Q

Albert Cohen on Cultural Support Theory:

A

Cultural beliefs create and sustain deviant behavior
(university drinking)

129
Q

Edwin Sutherland on Cultural Support Theory:

A

Deviance grows from exposure to learning experiences that make deviance more likely.
Must learn how to believe that deviant behavior is acceptable, although may be considered wrong

130
Q

Explain Ann Oakley’s “The Sociology of Housework” 1974

A

Men’s work at home is less constraining than womens.
They may need to fix the dishwasher but are not the one’s who wash the dishes daily among other things

131
Q

How does health and families correlate?

A

Burden of care typically falls on women
Divorce affects womens income while most of their money goes to dependents

132
Q

What is a virtual community?

A

Relations characterized by rare in person contact but regular electronic contact

133
Q

What is telecommuting?

A

A work arrangement in which employees do not travel to and from a work place but instead work from home.

134
Q

Telecommuting and COVID 19 effects

A

4.7 million Canadians telecommuting who normally did not
Outcomes: increased stress, lower productivity and exhaustion

135
Q

What are some forms of Fertility technologies?

A

Virto fertilization
Surrogacy
Artificial insemination
Fertility drugs

136
Q

What is the conflict theorist perspective on sex work?

A

Sex work reflects and preserves gender inequality.
Women have sex with men to give that money back to a man (pimp)
Sex workers are highly likely to have experienced physical and sexual abuse in childhood - as well as parental drug use

137
Q

What is the typical age of entry for sex workers in Canada?

A

14-15
Indigenous girls: 13-14

138
Q

What is the Feminist Divison regarding sex work?

A

Many feminists focus on solutions to help women leave this life while also promoting the safety of sex workers

139
Q

Kingsley Davis (1937) Structural functionalist perspective on sex work:

A

Sex work provides sexual satisfaction without imposing socioeconomic duties of a relationship and marriage. Sex work fills social need.

140
Q

What is role strain?

A

Many female sex workers must continuously switch between their respectable role as a mother to their unrespected role as a sex worker.

141
Q

What is Canada’s gender gap in criminal offences ?

A

Women only make up 25% of completed court cases

142
Q

What crimes are females more likely to commit?

A

fraud, level one assault, and threatening or harassing phone calls.

143
Q

What defines victimization? Feminist Sociology

A

The experience of becoming a victim of crime or unjust treatment such as sexism or racism.
Women ma be victimized 4-5 times after being sexually assaulted by police, the court system, and in disclosing what happened

144
Q

What is White Collar Crime?

A

Illegal acts of middle-class members of the business world including corporate crime.
Often relies on offshore banks to launder billions of dollars each year.
Bribery is also common

145
Q

What are the new technologies used by police to detect crime and apprehend offenders?

A

Artificial Intelligence has developed facial recognition
AI no longer offers this in Canada

146
Q

What is the hierarchy of victimization?

A

The tendency to grant victim status to some people and not others.
This reinforces the notion that some victims deserve what they get (gang shootings, racialized crime)

147
Q

What are the stats of Indigenous people being more likely to be victimized?

A

Indigenous people expereince double the rate of victimization

Indigenous women experience 3 times the amount of violent victimization than non-Indigenous women.

148
Q

What is the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls?

A

Included over 2,380 testimonials from Indigenous girls

Highlights the historic maltreatment of Indigenous people and how it has caused violence today - Their treatment is still genocide

Many factors undermine Indigenous women in Canada

It is likely that over 4,000 plus another 130 Indigenous women and girls have been murdered since the 70s

149
Q

What is Routine Activity Theory?

A

Victimization results when a vulnerable person is regularly in a dangerous place with or without a trusted guardian

150
Q

What are “hot spots”?

A

Locations where the risks of crime are unusually high

151
Q

What / who are “suitable targets”?

A

People who are regularly exposed to crime or for other reasons have heightened vulnerability.

Especially high among:

ages 15-24

Single people

People in urban areas

People with income under $15,000

152
Q

What are the three features under the routine activity theory ?

A
  1. the victims’ target vulnerability: their seeming physical or mental distress
  2. the victims’ target gratifiability: a feature of the victim the attacker finds appealing
  3. target antagonism: a physical marker that may spark the attackers hostility or resentment (ethnicity)
153
Q

What is victim precipitation theory?

A

Analyzes how a victims’ characteristics or interactions with offenders may contribute to the crime being committed

154
Q

What is Active Precipitation?

A

Attacking first or acting provocatively

155
Q

What is Passive Precipitation?

A

victim unknowingly motivating the offender

156
Q

What did Massimo connect regarding extraction of resources in Indigenous land?

A

Transient workers with high salaries generally work in isolation for weeks - often having high incidents of sexual violence and harassment toward Indigenous women and girls

157
Q

Who fulfills the routine activity theory the closest?

A

Indigenous women

158
Q

What is hegemonic masculinity?

A

It accentuates male dominance, heterosexism, whiteness, violence, and competition.
Constructed in relation to subordinated masculinities.
Percieved honour of being a man

159
Q

What is carceral?

A

Prison / confinement

160
Q

What is Sims’ (1995) view of prisons and hegemonic masculinity?

A

Institutions sustain, reproduce, and intensify the most negative aspects of masculinity

161
Q

How does imprisonment challenge prisoners’ conception of manhood?

A

Masculine scripts are unavailable
Mens’ feelings of powerlessness compel them to rethink the notions of being a man that are typically - autonomous, dominant.

162
Q

What two resistance strategies are used by incarcerated youth?

A
  1. Confrontational manifestations of power - fighting out of boredom
  2. Following the rules so that staff allow special treatment
163
Q

Describe the problematic power relations between staff and incarcerated youth

A

Being regualted to be child-like, dependant and strictly controlled clashes with the age of being indepedant and individualized

Parent and child relations are mimicked but worse - staff can change rules and encourage violence

164
Q

What is bodily discipline?

A

According to Foucault, strategies of control that use power to reduce social agents to docile bodies through punishment of various kinds

165
Q

What is Panopticon?

A

A prison designed by Jeremy Benthan that would allow all inmates to be viewed by a single guard without knowing whether they are being watched. Unseen surveillance

166
Q

Explain Restorative Justice

A

A set of approaches to criminal punishment aimed at ensuring that the criminal takes responsibility for their actions. It also seeks to return the victim, the criminal, and the community to a state they enjoyed before the crime

167
Q

What was the 1867 life expectancy? Leading cause of death?

A

47 years old
Tuberculosis

168
Q

What was the main causes of death in 1867-1925

A

High infant and maternal mortality

169
Q

What population decreased 10% in 1880-1885?

A

Plains Indigenous - died of starvation

170
Q

What was the leading cause of death in 1900-1920 ?

A

Infectious / communicable diseases
1915: 30% of Canadian soldiers had venereal disease
1918: 17% of Canadians had the spanish flu, 50,000 deaths attributed to this epidemic

171
Q

When did Public Heath develop?

A

the 1920s

172
Q

When was antiseptic surgery founded? by who?

A

Lister 1800s

173
Q

When was salvarsan created?

A

1910

174
Q

When was insulin created? by who?

A

Banting et al, 1923

175
Q

When was penicillin and antibiotics created? by who?

A

Fleming 1929;1942

176
Q

What vaccinations were available by 1940?

A

Smallpox
Diphtheria
Rabies
TB
Tetanus
Yellow fever

177
Q

When was our present medical care system implemented? by who?

A

1972 by Tommy Douglas
Saskatchewan

178
Q

What were the basic principles of Tommy Douglas’s medical care system?

A

Universality
Portability
Comprehensive coverage
A non-profit administration
Accessability added in 1984

179
Q

What % of the Canadian health care system is public?

A

70%
half of the other 30% is paid out of pocket

180
Q

Does private healthcare cut wait times?

A

no

181
Q

What are the reasons for poor social health?

A

Stress
Lack of social capital
lack of social cohesion
lack of sense of coherence
the social model of disability

182
Q

Why are Indigenous populations having a lower life expectancy?

A

Suicide
Trauma
Infant mortality
Diabetes and other chronic illness
Some infectious diseases (TB)

183
Q

How does cortisol affect your health?

A

High levels are linked to depression, high blood pressure and decreased immune function

184
Q

What are some reasons for a low suicide rate according to Durkheim?

A

Low rates in those who are religious, married and during war times

185
Q

What are some ways that people cope with being socially dislocated?

A

Over use of drugs and alcohol
Over consumption of unhealthy food
Relentless pursuit of power

186
Q

Describe social exclusion

A

a process of excluding members of a group from normal interaction and sharing benefits

187
Q

Describe social capital

A

Collective benefits arising from cooperative attitudes and practices grounded in trust, reciprocity and mutual aid

188
Q

What is bridging social capital?

A

Bridging social capital between groups who are not similar

189
Q

What is bonding social capital?

A

Bonding social capital between similar people

190
Q

Anton Antonovsky - sense of coherence

A

An individuals ability to bounce back from daily stressors - resilience

Life is comprehensible and predictable
Sufficient resources available to help me
Life makes sense or has meaning

191
Q

What is the Social Model of Disability?

A

The relationship between a person with impairment and the environment
Society is disabling, not the impairment

192
Q

Describe Medicalization. Who introduced it ?

A

the expansion of medical framework in explaining and treating conditions previously thought to be normal or deviant

Irving Zola (1972)

193
Q

Describe the two types of medicalization (Bell, 1987)

A

Type 1: when deviant behaviors are given medical designations (alcoholism, ADHD)

Type 2: when natural, biological events are given illness labels (PMS, homosexuality)

194
Q

List some medicalized conditions:

A

Alcoholism
Homosexuality
Masturbation
ADHD
PMS
Menopause
Erectile dysfunction
Female sexual arousal disorder

195
Q

List the 5 stages of medicalization:

A
  1. prior designation of deviance/ normality
  2. medical discovery of etiology
  3. debate over medical designation
  4. ownership
  5. institutionalization
196
Q

Schneider and Conrad (1980) owe medicalization in America to:

A

Humanitarian values
Confidence in science
Value on health
Big business

197
Q

List some potential positive benefits of medicalization

A

Can lead to greater social awareness
Can reduce stigma
Can lead to empathy
Can ensure that people receive help

198
Q

List some potentially negative consequences of medicalization:

A

Doctors become sole experts
Medical treatment becomes the only way
Blurs boundaries between normal / abnormal
Pressures people to seek treatments
May be used to justify involuntary treatments

199
Q

Describe Peter Conrads’ (2002) Revised Medicalization Framework:

A

Argues that physicians are no longer the primary drivers.
“Major Players”:
Pharmaceutical industry
HMOs
Consumer / Survivor movement

200
Q

Describe Pharmaceuticalization

A

The process by which social, behavioral, or bodily conditions are treated, with pharmaceuticals by doctors, patients, or both

201
Q

What can attribute to the pharma industry increasing?

A

increased medicalization
Intensifies industry marketing and the rise of consumerism

202
Q

Describe Collective Action

A

Action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation

203
Q

What are the two kinds of Collective Action? Explain.

A

Crowd Collective Action: face to face with other members of the group

Mass Collective Action: when people aren’t physically together

204
Q

Describe Value Added Theory and its 6 Steps

A

planned collective action

  1. a persistent social strain
  2. agreement on definition of problem
  3. individuals must be able to act on their grievance
  4. must be a spark which ignites the controversy
  5. people gather in an organized way
  6. failure of social control by established power holders
205
Q

Describe ‘Social Movements’, who is involved?

A

organized efforts by a substantial number of people to change or resist in some major aspects of society

Non-elite members with little control

206
Q

What do social movements aim to spread? Explain

A

Counter ideology - to change attitudes, everyday practices, public opinions, policies / procedures and business

Accomplished through construction / reconstruction

207
Q

How many types of social movements are there?

A

four

208
Q

What do Alternative Social Movements aim for?

A

limited societal change; target a narrow group of people

209
Q

What do Redemptive Social Movements aim for?

A

more radical change; target specific groups

210
Q

What do Reformative Social Movements aim for?

A

limited social change but across entire society

211
Q

What do Revolutionary Social Movements aim for?

A

radical reorganization of society

212
Q

What is the Resource Mobilization Approach? What resources must you have?

A

social movement must have the following resources:
MORAL
CULTURAL
MATERIAL
HUMAN
SOCIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL

213
Q

Name the three sociological theories

A

Structural Functionalism
Critical Theories - Conflict Theory & Feminist Sociology
Symbolic Interactionism

214
Q

Briefly describe Structural Functionalism Theory

A

Refers to the way different parts of society are organized to maintain social stability

Most popular sociological theory until the 1960s

Grew out of work from Emile Durkheim

215
Q

Who is Emile Durkheim? What did he study?

A

Studied suicide rates in Europe and concluded social causation
Lack of social integration
Lack of collective moral regulation

216
Q

Describe Anomie

A

social instability resulting from a breakdown of standards and values

217
Q

Structural Functionalist perspective on education:

A

Human Capital Theory: education / skill training are tools for developing human capacities to advance economic productivity and prosperity

218
Q

Emile Durkheim’s view on religion:

A

People need religion; they need a portion of life to be sacred
Religion promotes social cohesion through rituals / activities

219
Q

Briefly describe Conflict Theory

A

Views society as a continual struggle between groups competing for resources and power

Asserts that some groups have privileged access to resources and power

Associated with the work of Karl Marx

220
Q

Who was Karl Marx? What did he promote?

A

Witnessed exploitation of proletariat by capitalists during the industrial revolution

Believed that capitalism was alienating; capitalism alienated people from each other and from the products of their labor

Believed that proletariat would eventually overthrow the capitalists to establish a communist society

221
Q

Describe the book “Upton Sinclair- The Jungle”

A

Muckracking the meat-packing industry. Upton Sinclair wrote the Junle to expose the appalling working conditions in the meat-packing industry. His description of diseased, rotten, and contaminated meat shocked the public and led to new federal food and safety laws

222
Q

Conflict Theory Perspective on Education:

A

Social reproduction of class and inequality
Hidden school costs affect classes differently

Credentialism linked to school class privilege
Cultural Capital of students is stratified

223
Q

Karl Marx on Religion:

A

“Religion is the opium of the people”

224
Q

Briefly describe Feminist Sociology

A

Extends conflict theory to inequality between the sexes
Dorothy Smith
Standpoint theory > intersectionality

225
Q

Briefly describe Symbolic Interactionism:

A

Use of everyday forms of social interaction to explain society as a whole

Social construction: a persons’ experience of reality is determined by the social meaning attached to that reality

Approach grew out of Max Weber

Verstehen- need to see the world as the group being studied sees it

226
Q

Weber on religion:

A

Religion reflects the human need for meaning; the need to see human existence and the world as full of meaning

Beliefs and experiences are not sacred unless individuals in a society regard them as sacred

227
Q

What is bodily discipline?

A

According to Michel Foucault, strategies of control that use power to reduce social agents to docile bodies through punishment of various kinds

228
Q

Describe Panopticon

A

A prison designed by Jeremy Bentham that would allow all inmates to be viewed by a single guard without the inmates knowing whether they are being watched. Unseen surviellance

229
Q

What is Civil Religion? (Robert Bellah (1967)

A

An organized secular practice that serves the same social functions as traditional religion by bringing people together, directing them and explaining how the world works

celebration of the state

230
Q

Describe ‘New religious movements’ (NRMS)

A

Groups and institutions that share similar religious or spiritual views about the world but are not part of mainstream religious institutions

231
Q

What is the term ‘religiousity’?

A

all the various aspects of religious activity, dedication, and belief one finds in a group or society

232
Q

Describe secularization

A

A steady dwindling influence of formal religion in public life. Also, it is the process by which religious beliefs, practices, and institutions lose their social significance

233
Q

Describe Fundamentalism

A

The belief that religions should strictly follow the oldest, most traditional, and most basic theological texts, also known as the holy books

234
Q

What was the importance of Ann Oakley’s “The Sociology of Housework” 1974?

A

Mens’ work is less constraining than womens’ - leaving less time for leisure and social life

235
Q

In 2018, approximately how many Canadians provided care to a family member?

A

7.8 million

236
Q

What is a virtual community?

A

relations characterized by rare in-person contact but regular electronic contact

237
Q

What is telecommuting?

A

A work arrangement in which employees do not travel to and from a central place of work but instead work from the home

238
Q

What are the telecommuting effects from COVID-19?

A

In March 2020, an estimated 4.7 million Canadians teleworked who normally would not. This overload has been linked to negative outcomes such as increased stress, lower productivity and exhaustion.

239
Q

What ways has science helped people have families?

A

Vitro fertilization, surrogacy, artificial insemination, and fertility drugs. These technologies allow single parents, older people, and same-sex couples to choose how, with whom, and when to have children.

240
Q

Conflict theory perspective on sex work:

A

Sex work reflects and preserves gender inequality

10-15% are under the age of 18
average entry is 14-15
13-14 for Indigenous women

241
Q

Feminist division of sex work:

A

Many feminists focus on solutions to help individual women leave this way of life; however, they also support protecting sex workers from violence.

242
Q

Structural functionalist perspective on sex work:

A

Kingsley Davis (1937) - sex work provides sexual satisfaction for customers without imposing the socioeconomic duties of a relationship and marriage. When other intimate arrangements fail or are unavailable, sex work fills a social need.

243
Q

What type of role strain do sex workers go through?

A

Many female sex workers must continuously switch between their respectable role as a mother to their unrespected role as a sex worker. Even though legal, many women have to hide their profession from family members.

244
Q

Gender gap of criminality:

A

In Canada over the past several decades, female offenders have accounted for less than 25% of completed court cases. In 2017, females accused of a criminal offense were 25%

245
Q

What crimes are women most likely to commit?

A

fraud, level one assault, and threatening or harassing phone calls.

246
Q

Why are feminists so focused on victimization ?

A

Women often will become victims of a crime then continuously be victimized and retraumatized through the criminal justice system

247
Q

Explain “white collar crime”

A

Illegal acts and misdeeds of middle-class members of the business world, including corporate crime. White collar crime often relies on offshore banks to hide and launder billions of dollars each year. Bribery is also a major white collar crime.

248
Q

What new technologies are used by police to detect crime and apprehend offenders?

A

Artificial Intelligence has developed a facial recognition app that can help law enforcement track down people using pictures of them.

249
Q

Explain the hierarchy of victimization. What are its implications?

A

The tendency to grant victim status to some people and not others. Typically people who are addicted to drugs and alcohol, trans and non-binary people, lesbian, gay, or bisexual people, racialized people, or those living in poverty get less attention when they are victimized by crime.
This reinforces the notion that certain victims deserve what they get - gang related shootings or wearing “promiscuous” clothing.

250
Q

Indigenous people are more likely to be victimized. Explain.

A

Indigenous people experienced violent victimization at more than double the rate of non-Indigenous people.
Indigenous women had an overall violent victimization rate that was double the rate of Indigenous men and triple the rate on non-Indigenous women.

251
Q

What was the National inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous women and Girls?

A

It included over 2,380 testimonials from Indigenous women and girls, This report outlines the many ways in which violence against Indigenous women and girls grows out of the historic maltreatment of Indigenous people and uses a powerful word to describe that treatment: genocide.

It is likely that around 4,000 plus 130 Indigenous women have been murdered since the 70s.

252
Q

What is routine activity theory?

A

Victimization results when a vulnerable person or a “suitable target” is regularly in a dangerous place without the presence of a trusted guardian.

253
Q

What are hot spots?

A

locations where the risk of crime is unusually high

254
Q

Who are considered suitable targets ?

A

People who are regularly exposed to crime or for other reasons have heightened vulnerability. Especially high among: 15-24 years, single people, people who live in urban areas, and people with a household income under 15,000.

255
Q

What are the 3 features under the routine activity theory?

A
  1. The victims’ target vulnerability: their seeming physical or mental distress
  2. The victims’ target gratifiability: a feature of the victim the attacker finds appealing as a target
  3. Target antagonism: a marker (ethnic usually), that may spark the attackers’ hostility or resentment.
256
Q

What is victim precipitation theory?

A

a theory that analyzes how a victims’ characteristics or interactions with an offender may contribute to the crime being committed

257
Q

What is active precipitation?

A

Attacking first or acting provocatively

258
Q

What is passive precipitation?

A

A victim unknowingly motivating the offender

259
Q

Describe hegemonic masculinity

A

Refers to the idealized and valorized male - the most honored way of being a man.
It accentuates male dominance, heterosexism, whiteness, violence, and competition and is always constructed in relation to subordinated masculinities.

260
Q

How does incarceration develop hegemonic masculinity?

A

Sim (1995) argues that institutions sustain, reproduce and intensify the most negative aspects of masculinity, including physical violence, psychological intimidation, and constant bullying.

261
Q

How does imprisonment challenge prisoners’ conceptions of manhood?

A

Real men are believed to be autonomous, self-regulated, dominant and convinced of their own efficacy. Masculine scripts are unavailable to incarcerated youth.
Men’s feelings of powerlessness compel them to rethink the notions of being a man.

262
Q

What did the authors find in reference to the youths’ resistance strategies?

A
  1. Confrontational manifestations of power. Integrating fights with other youth and staff to be thrown in confinement. Some do this as a way to alleviate boredom or to have some fun.
  2. “I just follow the rules of being a big dog. Listen to the staff, do stuff for the staff. This means you can get 45 minutes for a typical 10 min phone call.”
263
Q

What are the vulnerabilities incarcerated male youth exhibit as revealed by the authors of this study?

A

As a group, incarcerated young offenders are characterized by multiple forms of familial, socioeconomic, and academic disadvantages.
Many of the youth explained that they wish to have freedom to experience things in life, to have money for university, gain a respectable career, have families and normal relationships.

264
Q

What is the role of food banks in Canada?

A

In 2019, an estimated 1,084,386 people received food from a food bank.
The main factor of the increased use in food banks is the unstable economy, increasing the amount of unemployed families.

265
Q

What are Social Determinants of Health? SDOH

A

Numerous factors that affect a persons’ well-being
accounts for 30% of health

266
Q

Has Canada successfully helped their disabled citizens?

A

No, society has not been openly accepting

267
Q

What is the biomedical approach ?

A

An approach to health that considers only physiological and genetic factors to well-being

268
Q

What are the behavioral models of health?

A

An approach to health that considers the lifestyle choices of the individual as the only factors relevant to a person’s well-being

269
Q

What is the biopsychosocial approach to health?

A

An approach to health that recognizes how a variety of emotional, mental, and physical aspects associated with a person’s life contribute to their overall well-being.

270
Q

What is ‘courtesy stigma’?

A

tendency for stigma to spread from the stigmatized individual to their close connections. Is related through the social structure to a stigmatized individual. “The loyal spouse of a mental patient”. Affiliation to the stigmatized

Soc 100 (2 decks)

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