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Soc Sci Section 3 24-25 > Soc Sci S3 EVERYTHING > Flashcards

Soc Sci S3 EVERYTHING Flashcards

1
Q

First used the term “Anthropocene” in the year 2000

A

Paul J. Crutzen & Eugene F. Stoermer ; pg. 37

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2
Q

a development starting in the late 18th century that expanded manufacturing by using mechanics

A

Industrial Revolution ; pg. 37

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3
Q

When humanity’s impact on the natural world rapidly increased

A

Great Acceleration ; pg. 37

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4
Q

Body of the United Nations that defines the Anthropocene as a new epoch that resulted from human - driven changes to the Earth system

A

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ; pg. 37

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5
Q

Coined the term “Great Acceleration”

A

J.R. McNeil ; pg. 40

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6
Q

Argued that atmospheric water vapor and carbon dioxide could interact with solar rays to raise Earth’s temperature

A

Eunice Newton Foote ; pg. 42

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7
Q

References oil, its value and like gold, is extracted from the Earth

A

black gold ; pg. 45

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8
Q

Reported that fossil fuels comprise over 75% of global greenhouse gas emission and almost 90% of carbon dioxide emissions

A

United Nations ; pg. 45

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9
Q

the ongoing and looming global risks related to climate change. air pollution, and biodiversity

A

triple planetary crisis ; pg. 50

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10
Q

Greek word that means “human”

A

anthropos

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11
Q

Greek word that means “new”

A

kainós

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12
Q

An artificial element that could be found in sediment core samples as a result of nuclear weapons testing

A

plutonium - 239

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13
Q

The lowest layer of the atmosphere that is about 7 miles thick and where the Earth’s weather occurs

A

Troposphere

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14
Q

A nuclear testing happening when resulted in traces of plutonium - 239

A

1950s

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15
Q

When did Paul Crutzen and Eugene Stoermer first use the term “Anthropocene”

A

2000

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16
Q

What century did Paul Crutzen and Eugene Stoermer propose as a starting date of the Anthropocene

A

18th century

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17
Q

In what year did the Anthropocene Working Group (AWG) vote in favor of treating the Anthropocene as a formal geological epoch beginning in the mid-twentieth century

A

2019

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18
Q

What century did the AWG vote in favor of for the Anthropocene to start

A

mid-20th century

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19
Q

The AWG states that the list of phenomena associated with the Anthropocene will last for at least

A

thousands of years

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20
Q

The Holocene is nestled between how many ice ages

A

2

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21
Q

A study of temperature variability over the past how many years shows the largest warming trends

A

over the past 2000 years

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22
Q

The largest warming trends occurred since the

A

middle of the 20th century

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23
Q

During LIA, global temperatures were coolers from around when on average

A

1300 - 1850

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24
Q

Century when the Industrial Revolution began

A

Late 18th century

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25
Q

Into what century did the Industrial Revolution flourish into

A

19th century

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26
Q

Time period of Charles Dickens life

A

1812 - 70

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27
Q

When was “ A Christmas Carol” published

A

1843

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28
Q

When was “Oliver Twist” published

A

1837-39

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29
Q

What time period do some scholars argue as being foundational to the Anthropocene

A

1800-1850

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30
Q

Year that marked the start of the technology that has resulted in large greenhouse gas emissions

A

1800

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31
Q

Around when did the scale of human activities that altered the Earth System begin to increase

A

1950

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32
Q

The beginning date of the “Great Acceleration”

A

1950

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33
Q

What was the human population in 1780

A

less than a billion

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34
Q

When was the human population less than a billion

A

1780, around the start of the Industrial Revolution

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35
Q

What was the human population 1930

A

Around 2 billion

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36
Q

When did the human population nearly double to around 2 billion

A

1930

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37
Q

What was the human population now

A

More than 8 billion

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38
Q

The decades since when are unique in human history in terms of how quickly and how greatly people have transformed the natural world

A

1950

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39
Q

Since what century have humans interacted with the planet on a scale that has never been seen before

A

mid-20th century

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40
Q

The troposphere is how many miles thick

A

about 7 miles

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41
Q

Life span of Eunice Newton Foote

A

1819-88

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42
Q

In what century was coal burned to power steam machines

A

19th century

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43
Q

In what centuries has coal continued to be used to power electric plants, petroleum, and to power machines

A

20th and 21st centuries

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44
Q

In what centuries did the West industrialize and create cities and transportation system that required a lot of fossil fuels to maintain

A

19th and 20th centuries

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45
Q

When was the US the top producer and consumer of oil

A

early 2020s

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46
Q

When was oil discovered by Europeans

A

shortly after WWI

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47
Q

The history of oil in what century is intertwined with the history of European colonialism and imperialism

A

20th century

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48
Q

When was oil discovered In the Iraqi city of Kirkuk

A

1927

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49
Q

The economic obstacles to address climate change today have continued since

A

the earlier centuries of the Industrial Revolution

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50
Q

The United Nations reports that fossil fuels comprise over what percentage of global greenhouse gas emissions

A

over 75%

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51
Q

The United Nations reports that fossil fuels comprise what percentage of carbon dioxide emissions

A

almost 90%

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52
Q

When in the US did methane and nitrous oxide combine for less than 20% of greenhouse gas emission while the burning of fossil fuels contributed over 72% of greenhouse gas emissions

A

2020

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53
Q

In the UA in 2020, what percentage of greenhouse gas emission is equal to methane and nitrous oxide combined

A

Less than 20%

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54
Q

Fossil fuels in the US in 2020 contributed how much to greenhouse gas emissions

A

Over 72%

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55
Q

When did Europeans spread out and create colonies that extracted valuable natural resources

A

Around 1500

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56
Q

When did industrialization start

A

Around 1800

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57
Q

The US cut its greenhouse gas emissions from higher levels in

A

the early 2000s

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58
Q

India has moved up to which place in the world’s leading carbon dioxide emitter

A

4th place

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59
Q

How does China’s per capita carbon dioxide emissions compare to the US’s

A

China emits half as much

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60
Q

How does India’s per capita carbon dioxide emissions compare to the US’s

A

India emits less than one-seventh compared to the US’s

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61
Q

Since when does China produce about a quarter of the cumulative amount of CO2 emissions of Western nations

A

1750

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62
Q

How much of the cumulative amount of CO2 emissions of Western nations did China produce since 1750

A

about a quarter

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63
Q

How many components are there of the triple planetary crisis

A

3

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64
Q

When was there a heat in Iran that included the heat index reaching 158 degrees

A

summer of 2023

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65
Q

What did the heat index reach in Iran in the summer of 2023

A

158 degrees Fahrenheit

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66
Q

How many notable areas are there that particularly impacted for human societies

A

3

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67
Q

According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), what is the range of high - tide flooding compared to 50 years ago

A

300% to more than 900% more frequent than it was 50 years ago

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68
Q

When did Hurricane Ian strike Florida

A

2022

69
Q

How many fatalities occurred during Hurricane Ian

A

156

70
Q

How much damage was resulted due to Hurricane Ian

A

$112 billion

71
Q

When did a megadrought occur in the dry area of the Western U.S

A

2022

72
Q

The 2022 megadrought was the worst drought in

A

1200 years

73
Q

In what year was a report came out from the United Nations that identified 5 important insights related to health risks associated with climate change

A

2017

74
Q

A U.S government report estimates how many people moved their homes due to extreme weather events every year

A

30 million people

75
Q

First used the term “Anthropocene” in the year 2000

A

Paul J. Crutzen & Eugene F. Stoermer

76
Q

Body of the United Nations that defines the Anthropocene as a new epoch that resulted from human - driven changes to the Earth system

A

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

77
Q

Which two groups was the Anthropocene Working Group (AWG) acting under the guidance of in 2019 when voting for the Anthropocene starting date

A

the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS) & the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS)

78
Q

What group in 2019 voted in favor of the Anthropocene beginning in the mid-20th century

A

Anthropocene Working Group (AWG)

79
Q

Which two proposed the starting date for the Anthropocene should be the late 18th century

A

Paul J. Crutzen & Eugene F. Stoermer

80
Q

What group offered a robust list of phenomena associated with the Anthropocene, many of which are climate-related

A

Anthropocene Working Group (AWG)

81
Q

Environmental historian who coined the term “Great Acceleration”

A

J.R. McNeil

82
Q

British writer who wrote “A Christmas Carol” and “Oliver Twist”

A

Charles Dickens

83
Q

Person who popularized the image of the Industrial Revolution that involves large coal-powered factories and soot-covered workers were sometimes still children

A

Charles Dickens

84
Q

Argued for making the popularization of the steam engine the starting date of the Anthropocene

A

Paul J. Crutzen & Eugene F. Stoermer

85
Q

American scientists that argued that atmospheric water vapor and carbon dioxide could interact with solar rays to raise Earth’s temperature

A

Eunice Newton Foote

86
Q

Reported that fossil fuels comprise over 75% of global greenhouse gas emission and almost 90% of carbon dioxide emissions

A

United Nations

87
Q

According to what group is “high-tide flooding is no 300% to more than 900% more frequent than it was 50 years ago.”

A

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

88
Q

A 2017 report from what identifies 5 important insights related to health risks associated with climate change

A

United Nations

89
Q

An artificial element that could be found in sediment core samples as a result of nuclear weapons testing

A

plutonium - 239

90
Q

News report and educational content raising awareness of climate change refers to the

A

Anthropocene

91
Q

For Paul Crutzen and Eugene Stoermer, “Anthropocene” designated a new geological epoch that recognizes the

A

“central role of mankind in geology and ecology”

92
Q

What did the Anthropocene coincide with in the late 18th century according to Paul Crutzen and Eugene Stoermer

A

The popularization of the steam engine and early records of growing greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere

93
Q

What did the AWG offer a list of that is associated with the Anthropocene

A

phenomena

94
Q

The Holocene is best described as what kind of period

A

interglacial

95
Q

What was the Holocene characterized by

A

the significant ice cover across the globe

96
Q

What influences the interaction between solar energy and the Earth System

A

The orbit of Earth

97
Q

Led to previous cycles of ice ages and interglacials

A

the orbit of Earth

98
Q

Set the Earth’s climate in the direction of rapid warming instead of a cooling period

A

Anthropogenic/Human-Related causes

99
Q

A study of what shows the largest warmind trends

A

temperature variability

100
Q

Is happening more evenly around the glove than past climate change

A

Global Warming

101
Q

Cooler temperatures on average does not mean

A

temperature were cooler everywhere at once

102
Q

What was LIA caused by

A

solar forcings and volcanic forcings

103
Q

Discussions of the Industrial Revolution brings to mind

A

large coal-powered factories and soot-covered workers who were sometimes still children

104
Q

Paul Crutzen And Eugene Stoermer argued making the popularization of the what is the starting date of the Anthropocene

A

Steam Engine

105
Q

The introduction of the coal-powered steam engine was a land moment in the history of

A

humans burning fossil fuels to produce the energy that powers the machines

106
Q

1800 might have marked the start of technology that has

A

resulted in large greenhouse gas emissions

107
Q

A story of the human conquest of nature and of the human capacity for perpetual growth

A

the Industrial Revolution

108
Q

What began to increase around 1950

A

The scale of human activities that altered the Earth System

109
Q

A key factor in the “Great Acceleration”

A

the rise in the human population

110
Q

New research supports that what is causing global warming

A

higher concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

111
Q

What causes different types if changes at different layers of the atmosphere

A

Rising carbon dioxide levels throughout the atmosphere

112
Q

Temperatures are rising in what layer of the atmosphere

A

troposphere

113
Q

Which atmosphere layers is air thinner and colder

A

The higher layers

114
Q

What is created due to the different temperature reaction in the atmosphere layers

A

instability

115
Q

What do graphs that represent the correlation between high greenhouse gas concentrations and rising global surface temp. not show

A

Why or how humans are releasing those gases into the atmosphere

116
Q

Fossil fuels are formed from

A

the remains of living organisms from past geological epochs

117
Q

Where are the remains of living organisms that form fossil fuels located and what is the carbon restricted from doing due to it

A

The remains are stored within the Earth, so the carbon in the fossil fuels won’t interact with the Earth’s subsystems in the surface

118
Q

How do humans utilize fossil fuels

A

Burning them for energy

119
Q

What was coal burned for in the 19th century

A

To power steam machines

120
Q

What was coal continued to be used for in the 20th and 21st centuries

A

Power electric plants and petroleum, and to power machines

121
Q

What happens to carbon and other chemicals once fossil fuels are burned

A

they are released as gases into the atmosphere and once in the atmosphere, they serve as greenhouse gases and warm the surface temperature of the Earth

122
Q

An important factor in the extraction of fossil fuels and their emission as greenhouse gases

A

Geography

123
Q

Where fossil fuels were used depended on what

A

which regions has the wealth and political power to build infrastructure for them

124
Q

Which area industrialized and created cities and transportation system in the 19th and 20th centuries that required a lot of fossil fuels to maintain

A

The West - mostly regions in the Global North, including Western Europe and North America

125
Q

Who in 2020 was the top producer and consumer of oil

A

US

126
Q

What did western corporations and governments do when Europeans discovered oil

A

They acted to establish a means of controlling the oil

127
Q

Western powers prioritize what over supporting democracy in oil-rich regions

A

gaining access to oil

128
Q

What did the global geopolitics and British colonial influence shape in the Iraqi city of Kirkuk

A

the contours of local urban life and strained relationships

129
Q

What spurred some people to build wealth at the expense of other people’s freedom and economic viability

A

The value of black gold

130
Q

What makes up the majority of global greenhouse gas emissions

A

Burning of fossil fuels

131
Q

Sources of fossil fuels

A

coal, oil , and gas

132
Q

2 gases that aren’t produced by fossil fuels but are greenhouse gases

A

methane and nitrous oxide

133
Q

Around 1500, Europeans spread out and created colonies that

A

valuable natural resources and human labor that was used to create great wealth

134
Q

When industrialization began, European nations used the wealth to

A

build factories and industrial infrastructure

135
Q

Why did western powers maintain relationship with colonial subjects

A

to produce natural resources and transport them to the West for consumption or manufacturing

136
Q

The consumption of fossil fuels and emissions of greenhouse gases were concentrated where

A

the Western world

137
Q

In which area housed the urban centers of industrialization

A

the Western world

138
Q

Europe and the West came to see themselves as

A

modern or “developed”

139
Q

Which countries benefited from industrialization for centuries

A

Western countries

140
Q

Why did wealthy countries in Western Europe invest in technology

A

to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and have cut emissions

141
Q

Which country cut its greenhouse gas emissions from higher levels in the early 2000s

A

The US

142
Q

Which countries increased their greenhouse gas emissions

A

China and India

143
Q

What country is the world’s leading greenhouse gas emitter

A

China

144
Q

Which country moved up to 4th place in greenhouse gas emissions

A

India

145
Q

India is behind which 2 countries in greenhouse gas emissions

A

U.S. and EU

146
Q

The US and Europe used fossil fuels as a means of

A

achieving prosperity for their inhabitants and to build societies

147
Q

China’s exports are largely consumed by

A

people in the U.S. and Europe

148
Q

What are the 3 components of the triple planetary crisis

A

climate change, air pollution, and biodiversity loss

149
Q

The 3 notable areas that are particularly impactful for human societies

A

fires, floods, and drought

150
Q

Abnormally severe fires have ravaged in what areas

A

Greece, Australia, California, Canada, and Hawaii

151
Q

Warmer temperatures amplify

A

the dry and windy conditions that fuel and spread fires

152
Q

What new developments are vulnerable to local fires

A

building housing communities deeper into forests

153
Q

The result of melting glaciers and warmer ocean temperatures

A

Rising sea levels

154
Q

Threaten densely populated coastal communities

A

rising sea levels

155
Q

What does sea level rise accelerate

A

coastal erosion

156
Q

What struck Florida in 2022 that caused over 100 fatalities and over billions in damages

A

Hurricane Ian

157
Q

Increased flooding amplified by climate change is expected to continue where

A

India

158
Q

Warmer temperatures over large bodies of water can result in

A

more water in the atmosphere and increased precipitation

159
Q

What area is 100 times more likely to experience drought

A

the Horn of Africa

160
Q

What area is more likely to experience hear as a result of climate change

A

the Western Mediterranean

161
Q

An absolute necessity and essential to food production

A

Water

162
Q

What is the first important insight related to health risks associated with climate change

A

Certain groups have higher susceptibility to climate-sensitive health impacts

163
Q

What is the second important insight related to health risks associated with climate change

A

Many infectious diseases, including water-borne ones, are highly sensitive to climate conditions

164
Q

What is the third important insight related to health risks associated with climate change

A

Climate change lengthens the transmissions season and expands the geographical range of many diseases

165
Q

What is the fourth important insight related to health risks associated with climate change

A

Climate change will bring new and emerging health issues, including heatwaves and other extreme events

166
Q

What is the fifth important insight related to health risks associated with climate change

A

Malnutrition and undernutrition influenced by floods and drought

167
Q

In the U.S., climatic conditions have been a facet of the decision to

A

stop insuring property in regions susceptible to fire or flood

168
Q

Immigration caused by what has been a source of political conflict

A

war and other factors

Soc Sci Section 3 24-25 (7 decks)

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