Soc Sci S3 EVERYTHING Flashcards
First used the term “Anthropocene” in the year 2000
Paul J. Crutzen & Eugene F. Stoermer ; pg. 37
a development starting in the late 18th century that expanded manufacturing by using mechanics
Industrial Revolution ; pg. 37
When humanity’s impact on the natural world rapidly increased
Great Acceleration ; pg. 37
Body of the United Nations that defines the Anthropocene as a new epoch that resulted from human - driven changes to the Earth system
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ; pg. 37
Coined the term “Great Acceleration”
J.R. McNeil ; pg. 40
Argued that atmospheric water vapor and carbon dioxide could interact with solar rays to raise Earth’s temperature
Eunice Newton Foote ; pg. 42
References oil, its value and like gold, is extracted from the Earth
black gold ; pg. 45
Reported that fossil fuels comprise over 75% of global greenhouse gas emission and almost 90% of carbon dioxide emissions
United Nations ; pg. 45
the ongoing and looming global risks related to climate change. air pollution, and biodiversity
triple planetary crisis ; pg. 50
Greek word that means “human”
anthropos
Greek word that means “new”
kainós
An artificial element that could be found in sediment core samples as a result of nuclear weapons testing
plutonium - 239
The lowest layer of the atmosphere that is about 7 miles thick and where the Earth’s weather occurs
Troposphere
A nuclear testing happening when resulted in traces of plutonium - 239
1950s
When did Paul Crutzen and Eugene Stoermer first use the term “Anthropocene”
2000
What century did Paul Crutzen and Eugene Stoermer propose as a starting date of the Anthropocene
18th century
In what year did the Anthropocene Working Group (AWG) vote in favor of treating the Anthropocene as a formal geological epoch beginning in the mid-twentieth century
2019
What century did the AWG vote in favor of for the Anthropocene to start
mid-20th century
The AWG states that the list of phenomena associated with the Anthropocene will last for at least
thousands of years
The Holocene is nestled between how many ice ages
2
A study of temperature variability over the past how many years shows the largest warming trends
over the past 2000 years
The largest warming trends occurred since the
middle of the 20th century
During LIA, global temperatures were coolers from around when on average
1300 - 1850
Century when the Industrial Revolution began
Late 18th century
Into what century did the Industrial Revolution flourish into
19th century
Time period of Charles Dickens life
1812 - 70
When was “ A Christmas Carol” published
1843
When was “Oliver Twist” published
1837-39
What time period do some scholars argue as being foundational to the Anthropocene
1800-1850
Year that marked the start of the technology that has resulted in large greenhouse gas emissions
1800
Around when did the scale of human activities that altered the Earth System begin to increase
1950
The beginning date of the “Great Acceleration”
1950
What was the human population in 1780
less than a billion
When was the human population less than a billion
1780, around the start of the Industrial Revolution
What was the human population 1930
Around 2 billion
When did the human population nearly double to around 2 billion
1930
What was the human population now
More than 8 billion
The decades since when are unique in human history in terms of how quickly and how greatly people have transformed the natural world
1950
Since what century have humans interacted with the planet on a scale that has never been seen before
mid-20th century
The troposphere is how many miles thick
about 7 miles
Life span of Eunice Newton Foote
1819-88
In what century was coal burned to power steam machines
19th century
In what centuries has coal continued to be used to power electric plants, petroleum, and to power machines
20th and 21st centuries
In what centuries did the West industrialize and create cities and transportation system that required a lot of fossil fuels to maintain
19th and 20th centuries
When was the US the top producer and consumer of oil
early 2020s
When was oil discovered by Europeans
shortly after WWI
The history of oil in what century is intertwined with the history of European colonialism and imperialism
20th century
When was oil discovered In the Iraqi city of Kirkuk
1927
The economic obstacles to address climate change today have continued since
the earlier centuries of the Industrial Revolution
The United Nations reports that fossil fuels comprise over what percentage of global greenhouse gas emissions
over 75%
The United Nations reports that fossil fuels comprise what percentage of carbon dioxide emissions
almost 90%
When in the US did methane and nitrous oxide combine for less than 20% of greenhouse gas emission while the burning of fossil fuels contributed over 72% of greenhouse gas emissions
2020
In the UA in 2020, what percentage of greenhouse gas emission is equal to methane and nitrous oxide combined
Less than 20%
Fossil fuels in the US in 2020 contributed how much to greenhouse gas emissions
Over 72%
When did Europeans spread out and create colonies that extracted valuable natural resources
Around 1500
When did industrialization start
Around 1800
The US cut its greenhouse gas emissions from higher levels in
the early 2000s
India has moved up to which place in the world’s leading carbon dioxide emitter
4th place
How does China’s per capita carbon dioxide emissions compare to the US’s
China emits half as much
How does India’s per capita carbon dioxide emissions compare to the US’s
India emits less than one-seventh compared to the US’s
Since when does China produce about a quarter of the cumulative amount of CO2 emissions of Western nations
1750
How much of the cumulative amount of CO2 emissions of Western nations did China produce since 1750
about a quarter
How many components are there of the triple planetary crisis
3
When was there a heat in Iran that included the heat index reaching 158 degrees
summer of 2023
What did the heat index reach in Iran in the summer of 2023
158 degrees Fahrenheit
How many notable areas are there that particularly impacted for human societies
3
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), what is the range of high - tide flooding compared to 50 years ago
300% to more than 900% more frequent than it was 50 years ago
When did Hurricane Ian strike Florida
2022
How many fatalities occurred during Hurricane Ian
156
How much damage was resulted due to Hurricane Ian
$112 billion
When did a megadrought occur in the dry area of the Western U.S
2022
The 2022 megadrought was the worst drought in
1200 years
In what year was a report came out from the United Nations that identified 5 important insights related to health risks associated with climate change
2017
A U.S government report estimates how many people moved their homes due to extreme weather events every year
30 million people
First used the term “Anthropocene” in the year 2000
Paul J. Crutzen & Eugene F. Stoermer
Body of the United Nations that defines the Anthropocene as a new epoch that resulted from human - driven changes to the Earth system
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Which two groups was the Anthropocene Working Group (AWG) acting under the guidance of in 2019 when voting for the Anthropocene starting date
the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS) & the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS)
What group in 2019 voted in favor of the Anthropocene beginning in the mid-20th century
Anthropocene Working Group (AWG)
Which two proposed the starting date for the Anthropocene should be the late 18th century
Paul J. Crutzen & Eugene F. Stoermer
What group offered a robust list of phenomena associated with the Anthropocene, many of which are climate-related
Anthropocene Working Group (AWG)
Environmental historian who coined the term “Great Acceleration”
J.R. McNeil
British writer who wrote “A Christmas Carol” and “Oliver Twist”
Charles Dickens
Person who popularized the image of the Industrial Revolution that involves large coal-powered factories and soot-covered workers were sometimes still children
Charles Dickens
Argued for making the popularization of the steam engine the starting date of the Anthropocene
Paul J. Crutzen & Eugene F. Stoermer
American scientists that argued that atmospheric water vapor and carbon dioxide could interact with solar rays to raise Earth’s temperature
Eunice Newton Foote
Reported that fossil fuels comprise over 75% of global greenhouse gas emission and almost 90% of carbon dioxide emissions
United Nations
According to what group is “high-tide flooding is no 300% to more than 900% more frequent than it was 50 years ago.”
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
A 2017 report from what identifies 5 important insights related to health risks associated with climate change
United Nations
An artificial element that could be found in sediment core samples as a result of nuclear weapons testing
plutonium - 239
News report and educational content raising awareness of climate change refers to the
Anthropocene
For Paul Crutzen and Eugene Stoermer, “Anthropocene” designated a new geological epoch that recognizes the
“central role of mankind in geology and ecology”
What did the Anthropocene coincide with in the late 18th century according to Paul Crutzen and Eugene Stoermer
The popularization of the steam engine and early records of growing greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere
What did the AWG offer a list of that is associated with the Anthropocene
phenomena
The Holocene is best described as what kind of period
interglacial
What was the Holocene characterized by
the significant ice cover across the globe
What influences the interaction between solar energy and the Earth System
The orbit of Earth
Led to previous cycles of ice ages and interglacials
the orbit of Earth
Set the Earth’s climate in the direction of rapid warming instead of a cooling period
Anthropogenic/Human-Related causes
A study of what shows the largest warmind trends
temperature variability
Is happening more evenly around the glove than past climate change
Global Warming
Cooler temperatures on average does not mean
temperature were cooler everywhere at once
What was LIA caused by
solar forcings and volcanic forcings
Discussions of the Industrial Revolution brings to mind
large coal-powered factories and soot-covered workers who were sometimes still children
Paul Crutzen And Eugene Stoermer argued making the popularization of the what is the starting date of the Anthropocene
Steam Engine
The introduction of the coal-powered steam engine was a land moment in the history of
humans burning fossil fuels to produce the energy that powers the machines
1800 might have marked the start of technology that has
resulted in large greenhouse gas emissions
A story of the human conquest of nature and of the human capacity for perpetual growth
the Industrial Revolution
What began to increase around 1950
The scale of human activities that altered the Earth System
A key factor in the “Great Acceleration”
the rise in the human population
New research supports that what is causing global warming
higher concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
What causes different types if changes at different layers of the atmosphere
Rising carbon dioxide levels throughout the atmosphere
Temperatures are rising in what layer of the atmosphere
troposphere
Which atmosphere layers is air thinner and colder
The higher layers
What is created due to the different temperature reaction in the atmosphere layers
instability
What do graphs that represent the correlation between high greenhouse gas concentrations and rising global surface temp. not show
Why or how humans are releasing those gases into the atmosphere
Fossil fuels are formed from
the remains of living organisms from past geological epochs
Where are the remains of living organisms that form fossil fuels located and what is the carbon restricted from doing due to it
The remains are stored within the Earth, so the carbon in the fossil fuels won’t interact with the Earth’s subsystems in the surface
How do humans utilize fossil fuels
Burning them for energy
What was coal burned for in the 19th century
To power steam machines
What was coal continued to be used for in the 20th and 21st centuries
Power electric plants and petroleum, and to power machines
What happens to carbon and other chemicals once fossil fuels are burned
they are released as gases into the atmosphere and once in the atmosphere, they serve as greenhouse gases and warm the surface temperature of the Earth
An important factor in the extraction of fossil fuels and their emission as greenhouse gases
Geography
Where fossil fuels were used depended on what
which regions has the wealth and political power to build infrastructure for them
Which area industrialized and created cities and transportation system in the 19th and 20th centuries that required a lot of fossil fuels to maintain
The West - mostly regions in the Global North, including Western Europe and North America
Who in 2020 was the top producer and consumer of oil
US
What did western corporations and governments do when Europeans discovered oil
They acted to establish a means of controlling the oil
Western powers prioritize what over supporting democracy in oil-rich regions
gaining access to oil
What did the global geopolitics and British colonial influence shape in the Iraqi city of Kirkuk
the contours of local urban life and strained relationships
What spurred some people to build wealth at the expense of other people’s freedom and economic viability
The value of black gold
What makes up the majority of global greenhouse gas emissions
Burning of fossil fuels
Sources of fossil fuels
coal, oil , and gas
2 gases that aren’t produced by fossil fuels but are greenhouse gases
methane and nitrous oxide
Around 1500, Europeans spread out and created colonies that
valuable natural resources and human labor that was used to create great wealth
When industrialization began, European nations used the wealth to
build factories and industrial infrastructure
Why did western powers maintain relationship with colonial subjects
to produce natural resources and transport them to the West for consumption or manufacturing
The consumption of fossil fuels and emissions of greenhouse gases were concentrated where
the Western world
In which area housed the urban centers of industrialization
the Western world
Europe and the West came to see themselves as
modern or “developed”
Which countries benefited from industrialization for centuries
Western countries
Why did wealthy countries in Western Europe invest in technology
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and have cut emissions
Which country cut its greenhouse gas emissions from higher levels in the early 2000s
The US
Which countries increased their greenhouse gas emissions
China and India
What country is the world’s leading greenhouse gas emitter
China
Which country moved up to 4th place in greenhouse gas emissions
India
India is behind which 2 countries in greenhouse gas emissions
U.S. and EU
The US and Europe used fossil fuels as a means of
achieving prosperity for their inhabitants and to build societies
China’s exports are largely consumed by
people in the U.S. and Europe
What are the 3 components of the triple planetary crisis
climate change, air pollution, and biodiversity loss
The 3 notable areas that are particularly impactful for human societies
fires, floods, and drought
Abnormally severe fires have ravaged in what areas
Greece, Australia, California, Canada, and Hawaii
Warmer temperatures amplify
the dry and windy conditions that fuel and spread fires
What new developments are vulnerable to local fires
building housing communities deeper into forests
The result of melting glaciers and warmer ocean temperatures
Rising sea levels
Threaten densely populated coastal communities
rising sea levels
What does sea level rise accelerate
coastal erosion
What struck Florida in 2022 that caused over 100 fatalities and over billions in damages
Hurricane Ian
Increased flooding amplified by climate change is expected to continue where
India
Warmer temperatures over large bodies of water can result in
more water in the atmosphere and increased precipitation
What area is 100 times more likely to experience drought
the Horn of Africa
What area is more likely to experience hear as a result of climate change
the Western Mediterranean
An absolute necessity and essential to food production
Water
What is the first important insight related to health risks associated with climate change
Certain groups have higher susceptibility to climate-sensitive health impacts
What is the second important insight related to health risks associated with climate change
Many infectious diseases, including water-borne ones, are highly sensitive to climate conditions
What is the third important insight related to health risks associated with climate change
Climate change lengthens the transmissions season and expands the geographical range of many diseases
What is the fourth important insight related to health risks associated with climate change
Climate change will bring new and emerging health issues, including heatwaves and other extreme events
What is the fifth important insight related to health risks associated with climate change
Malnutrition and undernutrition influenced by floods and drought
In the U.S., climatic conditions have been a facet of the decision to
stop insuring property in regions susceptible to fire or flood
Immigration caused by what has been a source of political conflict
war and other factors
