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Soc 225 > SOC FINAL: Week 9-12 > Flashcards

SOC FINAL: Week 9-12 Flashcards

1
Q

Conflict theory

A

-Perspective that sees crime as the outcomes of class struggle though economic inequality
-Established by people in power
-Crime caused by intergroup rivalry

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2
Q

True crimes

A

-Racism, sexism, Imperialism
-Housing, childcare, working conditions,
-Pollution, wars

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3
Q

Marxism

A

-Industrial revolution
-Productive forces: Tech sources, material sources, energy sources
-Relation of production: People involved in the production

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4
Q

What would a social conflict theorist see as the most important feature of class?

A

Class groupings tell us about who has power to exploit others

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5
Q

Early conflict theorists

A

-Willem Bonger
-Ralf Dahrendorf
-George Vold

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6
Q

Willem Bonger

A

-Divided into “have” and “have not” groups (based on lineage)
-Law serves the ruling class
-Resources are monopolized by the wealthy (ruling class) leading to law breaking

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7
Q

Ralf Dahrendorf

A

-Imperatively coordinated associations: Authority/domination relationship
-Society has multiple competing interest groups
-Proposed a unified conflict theory
-Capitalism

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8
Q

George Vold

A

-Laws are created by politically oriented groups
-Different groups gain power
-Government is used to protect interests and defend rights
-Law creation creates conflict, every stage of the process has conflict

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9
Q

Modern conflict theory

A

-Self report studies show a more even distribution of crime across class groups than official statistics
-Discrimination through CJS
-New research focus
-1960’s- 1970’s: Social and political upheaval supported the development of conflict theory

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10
Q

New research focus

A

1) Identifying “real” crimes in society (Crenshaw)
2) Evaluating how the law is a mechanism of social control
3) Refocus on social inequality

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11
Q

Main objectives of conflict criminology

A

-Describe how the control of political/economic systems affects the CJS
-Show how definitions of crime favor those who control the CJS
-Show how justice is skewed/uneven (white collar crimes)

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12
Q

Power relations

A

-Unequal distribution between power/wealth creates conflict
-only 13% police are women
-only 3% of public police forces are visible minorities
-Structure of the CJS and discretionary decision making further victimizes minorities

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13
Q

Social reality of crime

A

-Theory proposed by Richard Quinney on interrelationships between power, society and criminality
1) Changing social conditions
2) Emerging interests
3) Increased demands to protect political, economic and religious interests
4) Changing conceptions of public interest
-Concepts of crime are controlled by the powerful and CJS works to secure their needs

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14
Q

Norm resistence

A

-Social conflict is inevitable
-Authorities are in conflict with groups with low/no control over the law and who are controlled by the law
-Both groups have cultural and social norms
-Interactions between authorities and subjects produce norm resistance (open conflict)

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15
Q

Research methods

A

-Historical (focus on social and economic issues rather than just crime rates)
-May consider the relationship between the CJS and class conflict
-“Dangerous classes”
-Bail hearings and pre-trial detention
-Police may use public funds to defund their reputation
-Victim demographics influence policing
-R. V Gladue

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16
Q

‘Dangerous classes”

A

-Personal characteristics (young, single, urban, male, racialized) may result in harsher sentencing/treatment in the CJS

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17
Q

Development of radical criminology

A

-Conference formed to critique positivist criminology
-Taylor, Walton, and Young: The New Criminology and Critical Criminology
-Correctionalist: Social science seeks to correct criminal behaviors rather than explain it

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18
Q

Fundamentals of Marxist criminology

A

-Values political/ideological foundations over empiricism
-Capitalism has always produced high level of violence and crime
-Each society will produce it’s own types/amounts of crime
-Each society will have it’s own distinctive ways of dealing with criminal behavior
-Each society gets the amount and type of crime it deserves
-Criminals are not outsiders who can be controlled by law enforcement
-Crime is a product of how the society is structured

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19
Q

Instrumental Marxism

A

-The law is designed to specifically advance the interests of particular groups and organizations
-Law allows those in power to advance themselves

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20
Q

Structural marxism

A

-The law maintains the capitalist system, and those who threatened stability will be punished
-Law controls people OF ANY CLASS if they go AGAINST capitalism

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21
Q

left realism

A

-Invested in due process > crime control
-How does street crime effect communities
-Marxism is utopian and idealistic but not based in reality
-Pushed for the focus on the victim
-Law enforcement would be a life saving tool if there was less force and more sensitivity
-Pre-emptive deterrence: Efforts to reduce crime before it is necessary for police involvement

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22
Q

Marxist feminism

A

-Gender inequality stems from the unequal power of men and women in capitalism
-Seen through use of private property, male domination and exploitation of women
-Capitalism and patriarchy
-Women have less opportunity for white collar crimes and are denied access to male dominated street crimes
-Masculinity scholarship

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23
Q

Masculinity scholarship

A

-Marxist feminist
-Men emulate behavior that are culturally coded as ideal masculine behaviors

24
Q

Radical feminism

A

-view that crime by women is caused by the patriarchy and by the subordination and control of women through men
-Many women who commit crimes are also victims
-Critiqued as white feminism

25
Power control theory
-Crime and delinquency rates result from class position (power) and family functions control (class position) -Paternalistic families -Egalitarian families
26
Paternalistic families
-Fathers are primary breadwinners and are in positions of control -Cult of domesticity: Mothers pushing submissiveness to their daughters -Sons have deviance
27
Egalitarian families
-Equal sharing of authority an power -Son and daughter have = deviance
28
Restorative justice`
Zehr: Crime is a violation of relationships -Legal view VS restorative view -
29
Legal view VS restorative view
- Legal: The state has authority over people who possess group qualities -Restorative: These group qualities only exists in smaller, less formal and more cohesive social groups (Sentencing circles)
30
Sentencing circles
-5% recidivism in sentencing circles vs 25% through courts -Crime is redefined as a conflict between offender, victims and communities
31
Peacemaking criminology
-Newer movement -Branch of conflict theory that stresses humanism, mediation and conflict resolution as an end to crime -Brutal punishments = endorsing brutality -Mutual aid > coercive punishment
32
Social Darwinism
-Application of evolution (superior vs inferior) as applied to a human social realm -Colonialism, British rule -Us was established through slavery, racial codes -Canada has avoided collecting data on race and crime (contentious)
33
Pros to researching race in Canada
-Better understand the extent and nature of discrimination/inequality -Provide empirical evidence towards policy changes -Media already presents a picture regarding race and crime
34
Cons to researching Race in Canada
-Collecting and publishing data based on race may produce racism (U.S) -Police departments initially refused to support data collection -Poor quality of crime statistics -Challenges in measuring race
35
Racial profiling
-Black people are overpoliced in Canada, Britain and US -Black youth are more likely to be stopped compared to white youth (8x) -Deviance/involvement in delinquency and criminality does not explain racial differences in police contact
36
The commission of systematic racism into the Ontario CJS measured perceptions of discrimination in 1994 and 2007, what did these studies show?
-Respondents believed that discrimination occurred in 1994 and increased in 2007
37
Court procedures
-Unequal treatment begins pre trial -More likely to be denied bail and be subject to pre-trial release conditions -Poor interpretation services in court -Circle sentencing efforts are not being implemented enough -Bias across jury subjects
38
Gender and crime
-Women are responsible for about 25% of all crime -Men and women report victimization at similar rates -Women are more likely to know their predator (78%) -Men are more likely to be victimized by strangers
39
Biosocial differences
-2 early biosocial hypothesis that were sexist and had no academic support (debunked theories) -Masculinity hypothesis -Chivalry hypothesis
40
Masculinity hypothesis
-Cesare Lombroso -Women were seen as weaker and more passive which meant that there would be a small portion who would lack female traits and go on to commit crime
41
Chivalry hypothesis
-Otto Pollak -Women who committed crime were either sexually manipulative or sexually naïve -Sexual exploitation in schools; male teachers accused get 11 years in prison whereas female teachers more likely to get probation
42
Socialization and opportunity
-Gender socialization as the difference in rates of criminal offending -Girls are socialized to be less aggressive and more supervised by parents -Women occupy a second class economic position which limits their criminal involvement -Encouraged to stay home
43
Male centered theories
-Merton anomie + strain theory did not consider women -Hirschi's social control theory considers how we make selfish choices but excluded any data on women -Power and control theories was one of the first ones to consider women in crime
44
Public order crimes
-Consensual cries -Victimless crimes -Mala prohibitum (conflict with social opinion) -Contentious -Crime without harm
45
Vigilantes
-moral crusaders who take the law into their own hands, where law is seen to fail -Moral crusaders: efforts to end morally objectionable behaviors -Moral entrepreneurs: interest groups that attempt to control social life
46
Illegal sexuality
-Paraphilias: sexual interest in anything except consenting human -Sex work -Pornography (violence and gore) (R V. Sharpe) -Distribution of illegal sexual materials
47
Substance abuse
-Subject to debate -Euthanasia -Gambling
48
harm
-must be prevented -Locke: Reparation and restraint are the only 2 justifiable reasons a state could harm an individual Mill: harm principle; interfering with bodily autonomy is harm
49
Welfare Vs focal interests
-Welfare: Something you can not have a good life without, ex) Family, health, mental acuity) -Focal: Things that make life worth living (goals, aspirations)
50
Legal paternalism
-Idea that government/law should make decisions for people in their best interests -Law is only needed if harm is against another person -Mill: We should live life however as long as we are not hurting anyone
51
Positive rights
-Right to be subject to an action by another person/group -Eg) right to counsel, housing, education, protection from police
52
Negative rights
-Right not to be subject to an action of another person or group -eg) Civil and political rights, freedom of speech, private property, freedom of religion
53
Social coercion
-Social and legal pressure can threaten individual liberty and freedom -Mill: The only legitimate use of legal social coercion is to prevent harm to others
54
"legal good"
-Condition or interest that's useful to either an individual or the social system -Individual legal goods eg) reputation, integrity, property -Collective legal goods eg) public health
55
Offense principle
-Law can (and should) be able to respond to offense (hate speech) but only in particular contexts -Offense must be serious and punishment must be light -Needs to create an unavoidable offense eg) stalking someone
56
Legal moralism
-Laws can be used to restrict/force behavior based on societies collective judgement of whether that behavior is morally good -Mostly rejected in Canada, some exceptions include obscenity frameworks

Soc 225 (5 decks)

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