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Midterm 2: Social processes theory Flashcards

1
Q

Social processes theory

A

-Argues that criminality is a function of socialization

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2
Q

Socialization

A

Process of human development and learning

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3
Q

Primary VS secondary socialization

A

-Primary is through the family whereas secondary is through institutions

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4
Q

Parental factors

A

-Single parent households: Not enough income/resources
-Less supervision
-More social risks
-More arrest rates in both broken families and dysfunctional families
-Acting out for attention
-Impact of separation for girls higher than boys
-Introduction of step-parent does not improve problem behavior

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5
Q

Dysfunctional families

A

-Households with inconsistent/abusive tendencies
-Transgeneralization of families (Indigenous)
-Disadvantaged neighborhoods put strain on families
-Parental deviance
-Family type>income

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6
Q

Education

A

-Lack of achievements in school is linked with criminality
-Schools and stigmatization
-Climate: Instrumental and emotional support
-Labelling theory

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7
Q

Peers

A

-Determine how children organize their decisions
-With age the importance of peer groups increases
-Majority of adolescence begins with group criminality and then branches of to individual crimes

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8
Q

Institutions and beliefs

A

-Stronger moral beliefs=lower deviance
-Community based events
-Religion
-Recreational programs and sports

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9
Q

3 Branches of social process theory

A

1) Social leaning theory
2) control theory
3) Labelling theory

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10
Q

1) Social learning theory

A

-Crime is a product of learned norms, values and behaviors
-Born good, learn to be bad
-Differential association (DA)
-Differential reinforcement (DR)
-Neutralization theory

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11
Q

Differential association (DA)

A

Criminal acts are related to exposure to antisocial attitudes and values

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12
Q

Differential reinforcement (DR)

A

-Crime is a formed of learned behavior
1) Direct conditioning
2) Differential association
3) Imitation
4) Cognitive definitions

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13
Q

Neutralization theory

A

-Offenders adhere to conventional values while drifting into periods of crime
-Neutralizing those values
-Coping with guilt
-Subterranean values:
-10 techniques for neutralization

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14
Q

1) Direct conditioning

A

-When behavior is rewarded or punished during interactions with others

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15
Q

2) Differential association

A

-Learning from indirect interactions with others
-Learn values others are expressing

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16
Q

3) Imitation

A

-Observational learning/experiences
-Watching TV/Film
-Pop culture, video games etc

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17
Q

4) Cognitive definitions

A

-Attitudes towards behaviors that influence whether those behaviors are adopted
-Degree to the rewards/punishments
-Risk VS gain

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18
Q

Subterranean values

A

Immorality that is entrenched in the culture but otherwise condemmed

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19
Q

10 techniques for neutralization

A

1) Deny responsibility
2) Deny injury
3) Deny the victim
4) Condemn the condemners
5) Appeal to higher loyalties
6) Necessity (had to happen to prevent greater evil)
7) Ledger Metaphor (good from the act outweighs the bad)
8) Rejection of law
9) Everyone else
10) Entitlement to benefit

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20
Q

Self concept and crime

A

-Low self-control (crimes) comes from low self esteem

21
Q

Containment theory

A

-Provides an insulating effect through positive self-esteem
-Internal and external factors that insulate youth from deviance
-Crime producing forces: Internal pushes, external pressures and pulls

22
Q

Social control theory

A

-Dominant version of social control theory
-Weak ties and bonds to society

23
Q

Social bonds

A

-Attachments
-sensitivity and interest in others
-Social conscious and care for others starts in family
-Commitments: Pursuing towards a conventional life
-Involvements: Conventional activities leaves less time for criminality
-Belief: conventional norms and values

24
Q

Cons to social bonds

A

-Your peer groups could be deviant
-Having high attachment to parents using substance could make you more likely to use substances

25
3) Labelling theory
-Symbolic interaction theory -Labels imply characteristics outside of an individual trait -One word has many connotations -Labels require subjective interpretation -Labelling provides a deeper commitment to deviant career, more social isolation -Police, courts, corrections reinforce and produce stigma
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Symbolic interaction theory
-View that people communicate and interpret reality based on their interpretation of symbols -Gestures, hand signals, coded language
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Crime and labelling theory
-Crime and deviance are defined by other's reactions to our behavior -Not defined by moral content -Moral entrepreneurs
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Moral entrepreneurs
-Interest groups that control social life and legal to promote their set of moral values
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Differential enforcement
-Law is not fairly applied -Race, gender, social standing, wealth all impact likelihood of sanction -Laws are reflexive of power relationships in society; benefit some groups over others -NWMP responding to the "threat" of indigenous people went on to form more modern approaches to policing -Micro social approach of labelling theory can be applied to macro-social approach of conflict theory
30
Social distance
-Person can be labelled as deviant because of the differences in power between labeler and person being labelled -Processing disparity
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Master status
-Identity that overrides all others -Label that reframes someone
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Dramatization of evil
-Reaction to deviance results in a feedback that is internalized
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Primary deviance
-Deviant acts that go undetected or unsanctioned -Norm violations -Quickly forgotten and no disruption to personal life
34
Secondary deviance
-Deviant acts that are sanctioned -Deviant label becomes basis for personal identity -Locked in to their deviant role -Newly labelled offender has to re-navigate through life -Deviance is amplified
35
General theory of deviance
-Some people cannot conform and therefore face negative sanctions -deviant subculture membership involves conforming to new norms that conflict with the norms of society -Defying conventional values distances an offender from future criticism -Imposing sanctions on adolescents leads to self-rejection, deviant peer associations and deviance amplification
36
Differential social control
-Self evaluations reflect actual (or perceived) appraisals made by others -We seek out acceptance -Worrying about rejection and therefore seek out groups that are already deviant and wont reject you
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Issues with labelling theory
-Does not explain early onset -Does not explain reintegration -Is deviance relative (Not all crimes have same relativity of deviance eg) Vince Lee)
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Integrated theory
-Practical and substantive approach -Combines multiple theories -Latent traits -Life course theory -Criminal careers may be influenced by: Structure, socialization, biology, psychology, and opportunity
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Latent traits
-Stable features, characteristics or conditions present at birth -Lead some to be crime-prone over their life course
40
Life course theory
-Criminal offending patterns change over a persons life -Influenced by conditions or events that occur at various stages -People mature with age and more weight comes from peer groups rather than family
41
Social development model (SDM)
-Integrates social control, social learning, structural models theory -Pre-existing risk factors are either reinforced or neutralized through socialization -Pro-social bonds -Commitment to conventional institutions work to insulate youth from crime
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Pro social bonds
-Developed within early family life -Provide opportunities for success throughout life course -Desire to do well in school, academic success, beliefs etc
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Elliotts integrated theory
-Integrates strain, social learning and control theories -Strain theory falls under structural models -Elliott is focusing on how prosocial bonds break down
44
Integrated structure Marxist theory
-Integrates conflict concepts with social structure and social process theory -Crime is a result from conflict in family relations and influenced by quality of working experience -Alienation, strain and inequality in workplace causes negativity that you bring home to your family/kids -Trickle down effects
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Evaluation of social process theory
-Criminal behavior is part of our socialization process -Disruptions throughout social institutions and social processes -Strong research foundation in support of social processes theory -Growing understanding of interconnected variables -
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Social processes theory and policy
-Can we socialize and teach conventional norms to prevent criminality (1950's) -Youth diversion -Early intervention -Conditional sentencing: Time served in community -Labelling theory argues that less is better and that too much behavior adjustment may predispose kids to criminality
47
Youth diversion
-Alternative to formal sentencing -Involves restitution, apology and volunteer work to rebuild community bonds
48
Early interventions
-Involve encouragement to continue to succeed in schools -Push to attend university
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Soc 225 (5 decks)

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