Soc final Flashcards
what is a social Norm?
A social norm is something done by a culture that is considered in their social group
what are folkways?
they are actions that are considered customary in a culture.
what is an example of a folkway?
think about covering your sneeze when you cough, or an African tribe taking psychedelic drugs to commune with gods.
what are mores?
A set of moral norms or customs derived from generally accepted practices. They usually have both right and wrong included in them.
what is an example of a mores?
Bullying, lying, trespassing
what are taboos?
the prohibition of an action based on the belief that such behavior is either too sacred and consecrated or too dangerous and accursed for ordinary individuals to undertake.
what is an example of a taboo?
Drinking while drinking, Sexual assault
what is a law?
formal or informal rule or standard (mores) enacted by a political entity and enforced by agents
what is an example of a law?
Posted speed limits, Stop signs, Having a car registered and car insurance
what is socialization?
Socialization generally refers to the process of social influence through which a person acquires the culture or subculture of their group, and in the course of acquiring these cultural elements, the individual’s self and personality are shaped.
what is an example of socialization?
Kaite’s inability to speak since she did not ever get socialized. (Katie was the beast girl that was passed around by social services. She never saw her family beside her father who beat her. Next, she got adopted by the therapist who used Katie to prove socialization exists and taught her sign language. Important to remember that Katie never picked up on social norms like, Not eating raw meat, elbows off the table, and speaking when spoken to.
what is the conflict perspective?
Think Karl Marx, the proletariat, and the bourgeoisie. The rich will take advantage of the poor till the poor or Proletariat rises up and overthrow the bourgeoisie.
what is the functionalist perspective?
A theory made By Durkheim. He focused on the problem of order and the positive effects of social institutions, explaining their existence in terms of their functionally necessary contributions.
what are symbolic interactionists?
George Herbert Mead developed this idea. Symbolic interactions is a sociology theory that seeks to understand humans’ relationship with their society by focusing on the symbols that help us give meaning to the experiences in our life.
what is an example of a symbolic interactionist
A wheelchair with blue on it means handicapped, or the female sex symbol is ♀.
what are subcultures?
social groups organized around shared interests and practices. Think I’m an American but I’m also a Hippie or a biker, or a football player, or an aggie
what is counterculture?
a cultural group or subculture whose values and norms of behavior run counter to those of the region’s social mainstream. Think there is Slavery so the counterculture is Abolitionists
what are social institutions?
A social institution is an interrelated system of social roles and social norms, organized around the satisfaction of an important social need or social function. There are five of them and they are; political, educational, economic, family and religion.
what are the elements of symbolic or nonmaterial cultures?
It includes the values, beliefs, symbols, and language that define a society.
what is an aggregate
individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together
what is a category?
people,objects, and events that have similar characteristics and are classified together
what are primary groups?
a group held together by intimate, face-to-face relationships, formed by family and environmental associations and regarded as basic to social life and culture.
what are secondary groups?
Unlike first groups, secondary groups are large groups whose relationships are impersonal and goal oriented.
what is an example of the secondary group?
students in a classroom and workers in an office.
what is an In-group?
a group of people who identify with each other based on a variety of factors including gender, race, religion, or geography
what is an out-group?
In sociology and social psychology, an in-group is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member. By contrast, an out-group is a social group with which an individual does not identify.
what are reference groups
the people or group we reference our standards and ideals too.
what is a dyad?
a group of 2 people THE MOST PERSONAL
what is a triad?
a group of 3 people
what is an Instrumental leader?
an individual who tries to keep the group moving towards its goals; also known as a task-oriented leader.
what is an Expressive leader?
an indiviual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group; also known as socioemotional leader.
what are the 3 leadership styles?
Laissez-faire, Democratic, Autocratic
what characterizes Laissez-faire leadership
, is a type of leadership style in which leaders are hands-off and allow group members to make the decisions.
what characterizes Democratic leaders?
Researchers suggest that good democratic leaders possess specific traits such as being a team player, possessing a willingness to adapt, having a fair mind, and being engaged in the process.
what characterizes Autocratic leaders?
Autocratic leadership, also known as authoritarian leadership, is a leadership style characterized by individual control over all decisions and little input from group members.
what is the idea or concept of Mcdonaldization? I.E what does it change about things, Think fast food is sold on its what?
when a society adopts the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant. So this increases Efficiency, makes institutions more calculable and much more predictable, while increasing control on what people do or eat.
what is deviance
deviance or the sociology of deviance explores the actions and/or behaviors that violate social norms across formally enacted rules (e.g., crime)
what is a crime and does it have functions?
in sociology, a normative definition views crime as deviant behavior that violates prevailing norms, or cultural standards prescribing how humans ought to behave normally. Yes it does have functions
what is Stigma? Think stereotypes
the situation of the individual who is disqualified from full social acceptance.
what are social controls?
Social control is the study of the mechanisms, in the form of patterns of pressure, through which society maintains social order and cohesion.
what are negative sancations?
Negative sanctions are punishments for violating norms. Being arrested is a punishment for shoplifting. Both types of sanctions play a role in social control. Sociologists also classify sanctions as formal or informal
what are postive sanctions?
Positive sanctions can include celebration, congratulation, praise, social recognition, social promotion, and approval, as well as formal sanctions such as awards, bonuses, prizes, and titles. Sanctions do not have to be activated to be effective.
what are formal sanctions? THINK LAWS
Formal sanctions are imposed through formal means by an institution (or representative) upon an individual or group.
What are informal sanctions? telling someone to shut up is an example of this
Informal sanctions are punishments or shows of disapproval by peers, such as being ‘shushed’ in a library.
explanations of deviance according to Sutherland
that crime is a socially learned action, I.E your father commits the deviant act you the child are more likely to do crime
explanation of deviance according to Merton’s strain theory?
He argued that the social class distribution of crime was a key problem. Merton explained this distribution by examining the social stresses that might lead to different forms of individual deviant behavior.
what is Shaw & McKay theory for crime?
Shaw and McKay theorized that crime and delinquency occur as a result of the community losing control of those committing the acts
What is Hirschi’s theory for crime?
Hirschi assumes in his social bonds theory that humans have a natural tendency to delinquency.
What is the Labeling theory made by Becker, Lemert
If we label and tell a person they’re more sporty all their adolescent, they are more inclined to be sporty
what is Primary Deviance?
Primary Deviance is the initial stage in defining deviant behavior. Prominent Sociologist Edwin Lemert conceptualized primary deviance as engaging in the initial act of deviance. This is very common throughout society, as everyone takes part in basic form violation.Primary deviance does not result in a person internalizing a deviant identity,
what is secondary deviance? Think the drug dealer moves from drugs to committing Murders
deviant behavior that results from being publicly labeled as deviant and treated as an outsider.
what is the conflict perspective on deviance?
Conflict theory looks to social and economic factors as the causes of crime and deviance.
what is social stratification?
Social stratification refers to a ranking of people or groups of people within a society
what is social inequality?
Social inequality refers to differential access to and use of resources across various domains (e.g., health, education, occupations) that result in disparities across gender, race/ethnicity, class, and other important social markers.
we looked at four different systems of stratification what were they?
Slavery, Caste, Estate , Class
what is an open system of social stratification?
a system that allows movement upwards and towards on the social ladder
what is a Closed system of social stratification?
where you are born you will stay, think slavery and the Indian caste system
Is gender the basis of stratification? If so who is higher on the social ladder?
Yes, gender is the basis of all stratification in ALL SOCIETIES. Men are usually higher
what are the 4 types of social mobility
intragenerational mobility, intergenerational Mobility Structural Mobility, Exchange Mobility
what is Intragenerational Mobility?
movement within or between social classes and occupations, the change occurring within an individual’s lifetime.
what is intergenerational mobility?
Intergenerational social mobility refers to the relationship between the socio- economic status of parents and the status their children will attain as adults.
what is structural mobility? ( abolition of Slavery )
Structural mobility happens when societal changes enable a whole group of people to move up or down the social class ladder
what is exchange mobility? Think A nurse becoming a doctor
Exchange mobility has been regarded as the movement of individuals among positions within a given distribution of positions among social classes
what is Weber’s concept of class?
Weber begins his analysis by defining the class situation as the relationship of a person or number of people to a particular market that has an important effect on the lives of these people.
what is Davis and Moore’s explanation for the universality of stratification?
Argued that the greater the functional importance of a social role, the greater must be the reward.
What is Gans’s function of poverty? ( we wrote a whole response of this great for an essay)
In America, poverty functions to provide a low-wage labor pool that is willing - or rather, unable to be unwilling - to perform dirty work at low cost.
what are the Most industrialized nations (high income nations)?
Western countries
what are Industrialising nations (middle income nations)?
Mexico, Latin America, Balkans, turkey
what are Least industrialized nations (low income nations)
Central African nations, Polynesian nations
what are Oil-rich, non-industrialized nations?
Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Middle east
what is gender stratification?
Gender stratification refers to the social ranking, where men typically inhabit higher statuses than women.
what are dowries? ( gender stratification)
A dowry is a payment, such as property or money, paid by the bride’s family to the groom or his family at the time of marriage.
what are gender-based abortions are a part of what stratification?
Gender-based stratification
what is the Wealthiest group in the U.S.?
CEOs, own about 1/3 of the wealth
what is the status inconsistency? ( think a Janitor having a Mansion )
Status inconsistency is a situation where an individual’s social positions have both positive and negative influences on his or her social status.
what are the risk factors for poverty?
Among the most important are education, marital status, race, gender, and age.
what is the poverty threshold in the U.S?
$13,590 for 1 person
education does what to poverty?
it Prevents it and makes sure you stay out of it.
what is the poverty rate in the US.
11.4
what is the feminization of poverty?
Feminization of poverty refers to a trend of increasing inequality in living standards between men and women due to the widening gender gap in poverty.
what are the Groups most likely to be in poverty in the US?
native American/Alaskans, Black
what is the gender pay gap?
women make 73 cents to A male’s $1
what is the concept of the glass ceiling?
the glass ceiling refers to women moving up the corporate ladder. At a certain point women can no longer move up.
how has the share of wealth changed in the US over time?
Less and less Middle class and lower class American have equal portions of wealth when compared to the Higher class
what are occupations that have prestige?
Doctors, lawyers, Nurses, professors etc …
is race a social construct?
The genetic diversity that exists across the entire human race is very, very small, and race isn’t even a good proxy for what diversity does exist.
what are dominant groups?
Defined as the group that controls the major elements of a society’s norms and values.
what are minority groups?
a minority group can simply be understood in terms of demographic sizes within a population: i.e. a group in society with the least number of individuals is therefore the ‘minority’.
how are minority groups made?
through migration
what is voluntary migration?
where people move as their choice to a country
what is involuntary migration? Think Ukraine
What is involuntary migrations?
Involuntary migrants are those people who are forced to move–by organized persecution or government pressure.
what is involuntary migration? Think Ukraine
What are involuntary migrations?
Involuntary migrants are those people who are forced to move–by organized persecution or government pressure.
what are ethnic groups?
a community or population made up of people who share a common cultural background or descent
what is discrimination?
the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex.
what is prejudice?
preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience
Global patterns of intergroup relations are what there are 6
genocide, Population transfer, internal colonialism, segregation, assimilation, Multiculturalism
what is genocide?
the deliberate killing of a large number of people from a particular nation or ethnic group with the aim of destroying that nation or group
what is population transfer? (Indian removal acts)
Population transfer or resettlement is a type of mass migration, often imposed by state policy or international authority
what is internal colonialism?
Internal colonialism is the uneven effects of economic development on a regional basis,
what is segregation?
the action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or things or being set apart.
what is assimilation?
the combining of groups through peacful or forceful means
what is multiculturalism?
the presence of, or support for the presence of, several distinct cultural or ethnic groups within a society.
