Soc exam w Flashcards
Macrosociological Theory
Structural Functionalism/Functionalist Theory
Structural Functionalism/Functionalist Theory
the assumption that society is a unified whole that functions because of the contributions of its separate structures
Collective Conscience
the shared moral and beliefs that are common to a group
What is the function of race, racism, social class, classism
Manifest—Intentional
Latent—Unintentional
Conflict Theory
Macrosociological Theory
Conflict Theory
the paradigm that sees social conflict as the basis of society
Symbolic Interactionism
Microsociological Theory
Symbolic Interactionism
that sees interaction and meaning as central to society
Racial Formations
Race as a social concept
Max Weber
discounted biological explanations for racial conflict and instead highlighted the social and political factors which engendered racial conflict.
Racial categories and the meaning of race are given concrete expression by the specific social relations and historical context in which they were embedded
Smart/uneducated, hardworking/lazy, law abiding/criminal, addicts, drug users, undocumented, violent, materialistic, pleasure loving,
Critical-Race Theory
Much more than individual prejudice and bigotry; rather, racism is a systemic feature of social structure. White supremacy is not an aberration but a routine force of domination in modern society
Critical-Race Theory
Racism is ‘embedded in the structure of society’.
Racism has a ‘material foundation’.
Racism changes and develops over different times.
Racism is often ascribed a degree of rationality.
Racism has a contemporary basis.
Ambivalence
double vision of the white eye in which they are viewed
The Whites of Their Eyes
Ideology - Media functions as production and transformation of ideologies
Ideology
- Ideologies do not consist of isolated and separate concepts, but in the articulation of different elements into a distinctive set or chain of meanings
- Ideologies are not the product of individual consciousness or intention. Rather we formulate our intentions within ideologies.
- Ideologies “work” by constructing for their subjects positions of identification and knowledge which allow them to “utter” ideological truths as if they were authentic authors.
Race and Racist ideology
Represent, interpret, understand, make sense of social existence of race and racism
Overt racism
Occasions where open and favorable coverage is given to arguments, positions, and spokespersons who are in the business of elaborating an openly racist argument or advancing a racist policy or view.
Inferential Racism
Naturalized representations of events and situations referring to race, whether “factual” or “fictional”, which have racist premises and propositions inscribed in them as a set of “unquestioned assumptions”
Walter Lippmann
coined the term “stereotype,” describing stereotypes as “pictures we carry around in our head” of various social groups that help people categorize, simplify, and process our complex social world
Stereotypes
are typically conceptualized as negative generalizations about social groups. For instance, groups are negatively stereotyped as being “violent,” “lazy,” “loud,” “untrustworthy.”
Later, stereotypes were
approached from a cognitive psychology perspective as mental schemas or heuristic shortcuts within our minds that we hold about individuals or collective groups of people.
Cognitive perspectives on stereotyping are based on the idea that
social categorization is the result of the natural ways in which our brains organize information
Cultivation Theory
is often used to understand the long-term effects of repeated exposure to media portrayals of race and ethnicity.
Framing theory
has also been employed within media representation research to understand the ways in which media include, exclude, or emphasize certain aspects of a racial or ethnic group within a media story.
Mastro
stated that these effects of exposure to unfavorable portrayals of race/ethnicity in the media on majority groups can provoke a range of antisocial, intergroup responses including stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination, attribution errors, and generally punishing outcomes.
Priming theory
is one of the most popular media effects theories, and it is used to examine the short-term effects of media messages on the audience’s subsequent thoughts, attitudes, or behaviors.
Johnson et al. found that
White participants who were shown photos of Blacks looting after Hurricane Katrina showed less support for Black evacuees in need.
The social cognitive theory of mass communication (Bandura, 2001)
an extension of social learning theory, suggests that media viewers can be both directly and indirectly affected by mediated experiences, such as by viewing television, playing video games, and listening to the radio
Exemplification theory
posits that the quantity and quality of media exemplars can influence audience attitudes, especially when firsthand contact with the outgroup is limited.
Explicit prejudice
includes direct statements or acts such as using racial slurs and avoiding other groups.
Implicit prejudice
prejudice is more indirect, often outside of the awareness of the perpetrator.
Neoliberalism
expounds the alleged death of class; according to this mode of organization, professional success and material security are the responsibility of private individuals.
Critical media literacy
makes one aware of how images in media construct markers, hierarchies, and relations of class in contemporary US society.
Butsch
asserts that these representations work well to “justify class relations of modern capitalism”. To be sure, some TV series, such as The Honeymooners, All in the Family, Sanford and Son, Roseanne, Shameless, Superstore, and One Day at a Time, have shown problems and conflicts within working-class life in sympathetic ways, as do some contemporary Hollywood films.
double consciousness
yellow peril
This theory examines the long-term effects of repeated exposure to media portrayals of race and ethnicity
cultivation theory
This theory of mass communication is an extension of social learning theory and suggests that media viewers can be both directly and indirectly affected by mediated experiences such as viewing television, playing video games, and listening to music.
Social Cognitive Theory
This major sociological perspective explains the way that the media perpetuates race and classism against marginalized groups.
Structural Functionalism
Symbolic Interactionism
Social Conflict
This theory shows that individuals feel a self-esteem boost when they view members of their group portrayed in a positive light or members of other groups portrayed negatively.
social identity theory
This concept explains how groups of individuals are often not just distorted and trivialized but might even be completely erased from the media world.
Symbolic annihilation
Media representations in mainstream media often represent this group as drug dealer, hardworking, incompetent scourges, gang member.
Black/African American
Media representations and narratives play a significant role in the socialization process and racial identity formation. Research shows that by the age of ________, people living in multiracial societies can understand racial and ethnic differences.
five?
This theory examines the short-term effects of media messages on the audience’s subsequent racist thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors.
cultivation
This theory posits that media consumers learn about the real world through television media and apply what they have learned to the real world, which could result in a distorted perception of social reality.
cultivation
This concept is often employed within media representation research to understand the ways in which media include, exclude, or emphasize certain aspects of a racial or ethnic group within a media story
framing
Almost 2/3 of Black adults polled about the coverage of Black people found that the news portrayed Black people
more negatively
This sociological perspective explains how meaning is taken from the messages from mass media including music, streaming platforms, and films.
symbolic interactionism
This term coined by Lippmann suggests that these are pictures that we carry around in our head of various groups that people categorize, simply, and process our complex social world.
stereotype
Social Class is a performative identity
true
Many programs will end with a homily on how, if only the “extremists” on either side would go away then “normal whites and minorities” would be better able to get on learning and living in harmony. Yet every word and image is predicated on the idea that minorities are the ones at fault. This is known as systemic racism as described in critical race theory.
Americans spend an average of 40 hours a week watching television.
Research surprisingly shows that light television viewers endorse stereotypes of racial minorities at higher rates than heavy television viewers.
The media paint a picture that the middle class is not a working class.
Race is a social construction of reality.
According to critical race theory, most racism is founded in individual prejudices among people
Shows and films regularly misrepresent the ease of the “American Dream”.
true
The media often engages in a denigrating manner toward the working class while celebrating the rich and middle class.
Research has contended that the amount of time that people play online video games impacts their racist views and tendencies.
As discussed in lecture, positive stereotypes perpetuated throughout media can also be racist.
true
Given the racial and ethnic diversity of media audiences, media industries largely target consumers of all racial and ethnic groups
false
