Soc exam w

Question 1

Macrosociological Theory

Answer 1

Structural Functionalism/Functionalist Theory

Question 2

Structural Functionalism/Functionalist Theory

Answer 2

the assumption that society is a unified whole that functions because of the contributions of its separate structures

Question 3

Collective Conscience

Answer 3

the shared moral and beliefs that are common to a group

Question 4

What is the function of race, racism, social class, classism

Answer 4

Manifest—Intentional
Latent—Unintentional

Question 5

Conflict Theory

Answer 5

Macrosociological Theory

Question 6

Conflict Theory

Answer 6

the paradigm that sees social conflict as the basis of society

Question 7

Symbolic Interactionism

Answer 7

Microsociological Theory

Question 8

Symbolic Interactionism

Answer 8

that sees interaction and meaning as central to society

Question 9

Racial Formations

Answer 9

Race as a social concept

Question 10

Max Weber

Answer 10

discounted biological explanations for racial conflict and instead highlighted the social and political factors which engendered racial conflict.

Question 11

Racial categories and the meaning of race are given concrete expression by the specific social relations and historical context in which they were embedded

Answer 11

Smart/uneducated, hardworking/lazy, law abiding/criminal, addicts, drug users, undocumented, violent, materialistic, pleasure loving,

Question 12

Critical-Race Theory

Answer 12

Much more than individual prejudice and bigotry; rather, racism is a systemic feature of social structure. White supremacy is not an aberration but a routine force of domination in modern society

Question 13

Critical-Race Theory

Answer 13

Racism is ‘embedded in the structure of society’.
Racism has a ‘material foundation’.
Racism changes and develops over different times.
Racism is often ascribed a degree of rationality.
Racism has a contemporary basis.

Question 14

Ambivalence

Answer 14

double vision of the white eye in which they are viewed

Question 15

The Whites of Their Eyes

Answer 15

Ideology - Media functions as production and transformation of ideologies

Question 16

Ideology

Answer 16

• Ideologies do not consist of isolated and separate concepts, but in the articulation of different elements into a distinctive set or chain of meanings
• Ideologies are not the product of individual consciousness or intention. Rather we formulate our intentions within ideologies.
• Ideologies “work” by constructing for their subjects positions of identification and knowledge which allow them to “utter” ideological truths as if they were authentic authors.

Question 17

Race and Racist ideology

Answer 17

Represent, interpret, understand, make sense of social existence of race and racism

Question 18

Overt racism

Answer 18

Occasions where open and favorable coverage is given to arguments, positions, and spokespersons who are in the business of elaborating an openly racist argument or advancing a racist policy or view.

Question 19

Inferential Racism

Answer 19

Naturalized representations of events and situations referring to race, whether “factual” or “fictional”, which have racist premises and propositions inscribed in them as a set of “unquestioned assumptions”

Question 20

Walter Lippmann

Answer 20

coined the term “stereotype,” describing stereotypes as “pictures we carry around in our head” of various social groups that help people categorize, simplify, and process our complex social world

Question 21

Stereotypes

Answer 21

are typically conceptualized as negative generalizations about social groups. For instance, groups are negatively stereotyped as being “violent,” “lazy,” “loud,” “untrustworthy.”

Question 22

Later, stereotypes were

Answer 22

approached from a cognitive psychology perspective as mental schemas or heuristic shortcuts within our minds that we hold about individuals or collective groups of people.

Question 23

Cognitive perspectives on stereotyping are based on the idea that

Answer 23

social categorization is the result of the natural ways in which our brains organize information

Question 24

Cultivation Theory

Answer 24

is often used to understand the long-term effects of repeated exposure to media portrayals of race and ethnicity.

Question 25

Framing theory

Answer 25

has also been employed within media representation research to understand the ways in which media include, exclude, or emphasize certain aspects of a racial or ethnic group within a media story.

Question 26

Mastro

Answer 26

stated that these effects of exposure to unfavorable portrayals of race/ethnicity in the media on majority groups can provoke a range of antisocial, intergroup responses including stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination, attribution errors, and generally punishing outcomes.

Question 27

Priming theory

Answer 27

is one of the most popular media effects theories, and it is used to examine the short-term effects of media messages on the audience’s subsequent thoughts, attitudes, or behaviors.

Question 28

Johnson et al. found that

Answer 28

White participants who were shown photos of Blacks looting after Hurricane Katrina showed less support for Black evacuees in need.

Question 29

The social cognitive theory of mass communication (Bandura, 2001)

Answer 29

an extension of social learning theory, suggests that media viewers can be both directly and indirectly affected by mediated experiences, such as by viewing television, playing video games, and listening to the radio

Question 30

Exemplification theory

Answer 30

posits that the quantity and quality of media exemplars can influence audience attitudes, especially when firsthand contact with the outgroup is limited.

Question 31

Explicit prejudice

Answer 31

includes direct statements or acts such as using racial slurs and avoiding other groups.

Question 32

Implicit prejudice

Answer 32

prejudice is more indirect, often outside of the awareness of the perpetrator.

Question 33

Neoliberalism

Answer 33

expounds the alleged death of class; according to this mode of organization, professional success and material security are the responsibility of private individuals.

Question 34

Critical media literacy

Answer 34

makes one aware of how images in media construct markers, hierarchies, and relations of class in contemporary US society.

Question 35

Butsch

Answer 35

asserts that these representations work well to “justify class relations of modern capitalism”. To be sure, some TV series, such as The Honeymooners, All in the Family, Sanford and Son, Roseanne, Shameless, Superstore, and One Day at a Time, have shown problems and conflicts within working-class life in sympathetic ways, as do some contemporary Hollywood films.

Question 36

double consciousness

Question 37

yellow peril

Question 38

This theory examines the long-term effects of repeated exposure to media portrayals of race and ethnicity

Answer 38

cultivation theory

Question 39

This theory of mass communication is an extension of social learning theory and suggests that media viewers can be both directly and indirectly affected by mediated experiences such as viewing television, playing video games, and listening to music.

Answer 39

Social Cognitive Theory

Question 40

This major sociological perspective explains the way that the media perpetuates race and classism against marginalized groups.

Question 41

Structural Functionalism

Question 42

Symbolic Interactionism

Question 43

Social Conflict

Question 44

This theory shows that individuals feel a self-esteem boost when they view members of their group portrayed in a positive light or members of other groups portrayed negatively.

Answer 44

social identity theory

Question 45

This concept explains how groups of individuals are often not just distorted and trivialized but might even be completely erased from the media world.

Answer 45

Symbolic annihilation

Question 46

Media representations in mainstream media often represent this group as drug dealer, hardworking, incompetent scourges, gang member.

Answer 46

Black/African American

Question 47

Media representations and narratives play a significant role in the socialization process and racial identity formation. Research shows that by the age of ________, people living in multiracial societies can understand racial and ethnic differences.

Answer 47

five?

Question 48

This theory examines the short-term effects of media messages on the audience’s subsequent racist thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors.

Answer 48

cultivation

Question 49

This theory posits that media consumers learn about the real world through television media and apply what they have learned to the real world, which could result in a distorted perception of social reality.

Answer 49

cultivation

Question 50

This concept is often employed within media representation research to understand the ways in which media include, exclude, or emphasize certain aspects of a racial or ethnic group within a media story

Answer 50

framing

Question 51

Almost 2/3 of Black adults polled about the coverage of Black people found that the news portrayed Black people

Answer 51

more negatively

Question 52

This sociological perspective explains how meaning is taken from the messages from mass media including music, streaming platforms, and films.

Answer 52

symbolic interactionism

Question 53

This term coined by Lippmann suggests that these are pictures that we carry around in our head of various groups that people categorize, simply, and process our complex social world.

Answer 53

stereotype

Question 54

Social Class is a performative identity

Answer 54

true

Question 55

Many programs will end with a homily on how, if only the “extremists” on either side would go away then “normal whites and minorities” would be better able to get on learning and living in harmony. Yet every word and image is predicated on the idea that minorities are the ones at fault. This is known as systemic racism as described in critical race theory.

Question 56

Americans spend an average of 40 hours a week watching television.

Question 57

Research surprisingly shows that light television viewers endorse stereotypes of racial minorities at higher rates than heavy television viewers.

Question 58

The media paint a picture that the middle class is not a working class.

Question 59

Race is a social construction of reality.

Question 60

According to critical race theory, most racism is founded in individual prejudices among people

Question 61

Shows and films regularly misrepresent the ease of the “American Dream”.

Answer 61

true

Question 62

The media often engages in a denigrating manner toward the working class while celebrating the rich and middle class.

Question 63

Research has contended that the amount of time that people play online video games impacts their racist views and tendencies.

Question 64

As discussed in lecture, positive stereotypes perpetuated throughout media can also be racist.

Answer 64

true

Question 65

Given the racial and ethnic diversity of media audiences, media industries largely target consumers of all racial and ethnic groups

Answer 65

false