Crim Midterm Flashcards by Raigan Hanley

Prejudice

negative attitudes towards a group

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family and authoritarianism

Prejudice can be learned from family. Authoritarian people are more likely to be prejudiced because they like strict rules and order.

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Discrimination

Treating people unfairly based on their group.

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racism

Prejudice and discrimination based on race

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homophobia

Fear/hatred of LGBTQ+ people

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transphobia

Fear/hatred of trans people

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Anti-semitism

hate against jewish people

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xenophobia

fear/dislike of foreigners

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hate crime

A crime motivated by bias against race, religion, gender, etc

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first hate crime law

1968, protecting civil rights workers

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states without hate crime laws

arkansas, indiana, south carolina, and wyoming

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states hate crime laws

some include race, religion, gender etc, while some exclude sexual orientation and gender identity

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retribution

Harsher punishment because hate crimes hurt communities.

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deterrence

Scare people from committing crimes

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symbolic effects

shows society does not tolerate hate

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arguments for hate crime laws

retribution, deterrence, symbolic effects

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anti-defamation league (ADL)

Fights hate, especially against Jewish people.

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Model Ethnic Intimidation Statute

A guide for states to create hate crime laws.

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R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992)

Hate speech laws can’t violate free speech.

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Ohio v. Wyant (1992)

Enhanced punishment for hate crimes is allowed.

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Oregon v. Plowman (1992)

Hate crime law upheld.

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Wisconsin v. Mitchell (1993)

Hate crime penalties are constitutional.

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Illinois v. Nitz (1996)

Hate crime law applied to speech acts

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Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000)

Juries must decide hate crime enhancements.

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Virginia v. Black (2003)

Cross burning can be a hate crime if meant to intimidate.

Church Arson Prevention Act

Protects churches from hate crimes.

Hate Crime Prevention Act

Expands federal hate crime law

Matthew Shepard & James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act

2009 law adding protections for LGBTQ+ and disabilities.

Hate Speech vs. Hate Crime

Hate speech is offensive but legal; hate crime involves illegal acts.

motive

The reason behind a crime.

intent

The decision to commit a crime.

“Punishment of Thought”

Some argue hate crime laws punish beliefs, not just actions.

14th Amendment

Protects equal rights under the law.

Due Process Clause

Ensures fair legal treatment.

Who is Protected

Some groups (race, religion) are always protected. Others (LGBTQ+, police, homeless) had to fight for inclusion.

Why Some States Have Hate Crime Laws

Politics, history of hate crimes, public opinion.

Why Police Might Not Record

Lack of training, bias, or pressure to lower crime stats.

Why Victims Don’t Report

Fear of retaliation, distrust in police

“Sympathetic Victim”

A victim the public feels sorry for, affecting how cases are treated.

Paradoxical Effects

Hate crime laws may increase resentment and violence.

Who Commits Hate Crimes?

Mostly young men, often in groups

Thrill-seekers

Do it for fun.

Defensive

Think they’re protecting their group

Mission-oriented

Committed to a hateful cause

Retaliatory

Attack after real or perceived offense.

Stereotype & Schema

Mental shortcuts that lead to prejudice.

Causal Attribution

Explaining why something happens, often with bias

Deindividuation

Losing self in a group.

Conformity/Obedience

Following group hate

Groupthink

Everyone agrees without questioning.

Internalization

Believing the hate over time.

Conflict Theory

Competition for resources causes hate

Scapegoat Theory

Blaming others for problems.

Strain Theory

People commit hate crimes when stressed

Differential Association Theory

People learn hate from others.

Differential Identification

People copy hate from admired figures.

What is a Hate Group?

Organized group that promotes hate.

European American Unity & Rights Association

White nationalist

White Aryan Resistance (WAR)

Neo-Nazi group.

Nation of Islam

Has been accused of anti-Semitism.

Black Lives Matter

Some claim it promotes hate, but it mainly focuses on civil rights.

Why Join a Hate Group?

Family, peer pressure, search for belonging.

Common Hate Group Traits

Hate ideology, recruitment, propaganda.

Right-wing racial movements

Want racial separation.

White resistance movements

Fight against diversity.

Major Hate Groups in America

KKK, Neo-Nazis, Proud Boys, etc.

Leaderless Resistance

Small groups or individuals act on their own.

Lone Wolf Terrorism

Individuals commit hate crimes alone.

Deindividuation Effect

People lose identity in groups.

Hate Acronyms & Numbers

Codes used by hate groups (e.g., 88 = “Heil Hitler”).

Recruitment & Defection

Groups lure members with identity and leave when disillusioned.

Hate Group Activities

Protests, violence, propaganda.