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fall 2024 > soc exam 2 > Flashcards

soc exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

social structure

A

framework of societal institutions and social practices that make up a society and organize and limit people’s behavior

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2
Q

macrolevel sociology

A

sociology that focuses on large groups of human beings

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3
Q

mircolevel sociology

A

sociology that focuses on individual social interactions and belief systems

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4
Q

status

A

any position in a society that a person can hold

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5
Q

abscribed status

A

social position based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender

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6
Q

achieved status

A

social position that a person assumes as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort

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7
Q

status symbols

A

material signs that inform others of a person’s specific status

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8
Q

master status

A

status that dominates others and determines a person’s general position in society

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9
Q

role

A

dynamic aspect of a status

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10
Q

role exit

A

the process of disengagement form a role that is central to one’s self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity

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11
Q

role expectation

A

a group or society’s definition of the way a specific role ought to be played

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12
Q

role performance

A

how a person actually plays a role

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13
Q

social group

A

a collective of people who meet frequently and have a shared sense of belonging

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14
Q

primary group

A

a group with emotion based interaction over a period of time

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15
Q

secondary group

A

groups formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or completing certain goals

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16
Q

formal organization

A

a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals

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17
Q

what is a highly structured secondary group

A

formal organization

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18
Q

social institutions

A

set of beliefs and rules that establish how a society will meet its basic social needs

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19
Q

sociocultural evolution

A

process of which societies change overtime

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20
Q

what is sociocultural evolution driven by

A

technological innovation

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21
Q

what stage of sociocultural evolution did social inequality start

A

the second stage - horticultural and pastoral societies stage

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22
Q

what stage of sociocultural evolution are we currently in

A

postindustrial societies

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23
Q

mechanical solidarity

A

when people are united by tradition and shared values

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24
Q

organic solidarity

A

when people unite by mutual dependence on one another

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25
Q

social construct of reality

A

the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience

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26
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

a false belief or prediction that produces behavior that makes originally false belief come true

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27
Q

Garfinkel’s ethnomethodology

A

the study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situation in which they find themselves

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28
Q

Goffman’s dramatugical approach

A

daily interactions are dramatic productions

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29
Q

aggregates

A

social groups/organizations that happen to be in the same place at the same time

30
Q

categories

A

social groups/organizations that share the same characteristics

31
Q

groupthink

A

the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is wrong

32
Q

what are the types of formal organizations

A

normative, coercive, and utilitarian

33
Q

normative organizations

A

organizations we join voluntarily to pursue a common interest or gain prestige

34
Q

coercive organizaitons

A

associations people are force to join (prison)

35
Q

utilitarian organizations

A

organizations we join to get a material reward

36
Q

what are the “ideal” characteristics of bureacracy

A

division of labor
hierarchy of authority
rules and regulations
qualification-based employment
impresonality

37
Q

who established the “ideal” characteristics of bureaucracy

A

Max Weber

38
Q

name problems with bureaucracy

A

iron law of oligarchy resistance to change, inequality, inefficiency

39
Q

iron law of oligarchy

A

the tendency to become bureaucracy ruled by the few

40
Q

social control

A

techniques and strategies for preventing deviant behaviors in society

41
Q

deviance

A

behavior departing from social norms

42
Q

obedience

A

compliance with an authority figure

43
Q

conformality

A

going along with others that have no formal rights over your behavior

44
Q

sanctions

A

penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm

45
Q

informal social control

A

casual social control used to enforce norms

46
Q

formal social control

A

social control carried out by authorized agents

47
Q

laws

A

governments form of social control

48
Q

control theory

A

our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society

49
Q

what is the functionalist view of crime state

A

crime & deviance is inevitable

50
Q

where does the functionalist perspective believe the origin of crime is

A

the structure of societies

51
Q

labeling theory

A

attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviant, while others are more favorable

52
Q

according to interactionalist who defines crime

A

moral entrepreneurs

53
Q

differential justice

A

differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups

54
Q

misdemeanor

A

criminal offense that carries jail terms less than a year

55
Q

felony

A

a more serious crime than a misdemeanor

56
Q

juvenile offender

A

a person who commits crime/goes to jail that is under the age of 18

57
Q

victimless crimes

A

willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services

58
Q

professional criminal

A

person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation

59
Q

white collar crime

A

illegal acts committed in the course of business activities

60
Q

computer crime

A

use of high technology to carry out illegal activity

61
Q

what are the components of macrolevel social structure

A

statuses
roles
social groups
social institutions

62
Q

crime

A

violation of criminal law, for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties

63
Q

stigma

A

labels society uses devalue members of certain social groups

64
Q

dyad

A

group composed of two members

65
Q

ingroup

A

group to which a person belongs and feels a sense of identity

66
Q

outgroup

A

group to which a person doesn’t belong and feels a sense of hostility towards

67
Q

reference group

A

acting like members of a group we want to be in rather than the group we are apart of

68
Q

differential association

A

process through which increases when motivated offenders and suitable targets converge

69
Q

how does the conflict perspective view crime and deviance

A

law is a tool of the ruling class

70
Q

triad

A

group composed of three members

fall 2024 (9 decks)

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