soc exam 2

Question 1

social structure

Answer 1

framework of societal institutions and social practices that make up a society and organize and limit people’s behavior

Question 2

macrolevel sociology

Answer 2

sociology that focuses on large groups of human beings

Question 3

mircolevel sociology

Answer 3

sociology that focuses on individual social interactions and belief systems

Question 4

status

Answer 4

any position in a society that a person can hold

Question 5

abscribed status

Answer 5

social position based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender

Question 6

achieved status

Answer 6

social position that a person assumes as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort

Question 7

status symbols

Answer 7

material signs that inform others of a person’s specific status

Question 8

master status

Answer 8

status that dominates others and determines a person’s general position in society

Question 9

role

Answer 9

dynamic aspect of a status

Question 10

role exit

Answer 10

the process of disengagement form a role that is central to one’s self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity

Question 11

role expectation

Answer 11

a group or society’s definition of the way a specific role ought to be played

Question 12

role performance

Answer 12

how a person actually plays a role

Question 13

social group

Answer 13

a collective of people who meet frequently and have a shared sense of belonging

Question 14

primary group

Answer 14

a group with emotion based interaction over a period of time

Question 15

secondary group

Answer 15

groups formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or completing certain goals

Question 16

formal organization

Answer 16

a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals

Question 17

what is a highly structured secondary group

Answer 17

formal organization

Question 18

social institutions

Answer 18

set of beliefs and rules that establish how a society will meet its basic social needs

Question 19

sociocultural evolution

Answer 19

process of which societies change overtime

Question 20

what is sociocultural evolution driven by

Answer 20

technological innovation

Question 21

what stage of sociocultural evolution did social inequality start

Answer 21

the second stage - horticultural and pastoral societies stage

Question 22

what stage of sociocultural evolution are we currently in

Answer 22

postindustrial societies

Question 23

mechanical solidarity

Answer 23

when people are united by tradition and shared values

Question 24

organic solidarity

Answer 24

when people unite by mutual dependence on one another

Question 25

social construct of reality

Answer 25

the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience

Question 26

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 26

a false belief or prediction that produces behavior that makes originally false belief come true

Question 27

Garfinkel's ethnomethodology

Answer 27

the study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situation in which they find themselves

Question 28

Goffman's dramatugical approach

Answer 28

daily interactions are dramatic productions

Question 29

aggregates

Answer 29

social groups/organizations that happen to be in the same place at the same time

Question 30

categories

Answer 30

social groups/organizations that share the same characteristics

Question 31

groupthink

Answer 31

the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is wrong

Question 32

what are the types of formal organizations

Answer 32

normative, coercive, and utilitarian

Question 33

normative organizations

Answer 33

organizations we join voluntarily to pursue a common interest or gain prestige

Question 34

coercive organizaitons

Answer 34

associations people are force to join (prison)

Question 35

utilitarian organizations

Answer 35

organizations we join to get a material reward

Question 36

what are the "ideal" characteristics of bureacracy

Answer 36

division of labor hierarchy of authority rules and regulations qualification-based employment impresonality

Question 37

who established the "ideal" characteristics of bureaucracy

Answer 37

Max Weber

Question 38

name problems with bureaucracy

Answer 38

iron law of oligarchy resistance to change, inequality, inefficiency

Question 39

iron law of oligarchy

Answer 39

the tendency to become bureaucracy ruled by the few

Question 40

social control

Answer 40

techniques and strategies for preventing deviant behaviors in society

Question 41

deviance

Answer 41

behavior departing from social norms

Question 42

obedience

Answer 42

compliance with an authority figure

Question 43

conformality

Answer 43

going along with others that have no formal rights over your behavior

Question 44

sanctions

Answer 44

penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm

Question 45

informal social control

Answer 45

casual social control used to enforce norms

Question 46

formal social control

Answer 46

social control carried out by authorized agents

Question 47

laws

Answer 47

governments form of social control

Question 48

control theory

Answer 48

our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society

Question 49

what is the functionalist view of crime state

Answer 49

crime & deviance is inevitable

Question 50

where does the functionalist perspective believe the origin of crime is

Answer 50

the structure of societies

Question 51

labeling theory

Answer 51

attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviant, while others are more favorable

Question 52

according to interactionalist who defines crime

Answer 52

moral entrepreneurs

Question 53

differential justice

Answer 53

differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups

Question 54

misdemeanor

Answer 54

criminal offense that carries jail terms less than a year

Question 55

felony

Answer 55

a more serious crime than a misdemeanor

Question 56

juvenile offender

Answer 56

a person who commits crime/goes to jail that is under the age of 18

Question 57

victimless crimes

Answer 57

willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services

Question 58

professional criminal

Answer 58

person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation

Question 59

white collar crime

Answer 59

illegal acts committed in the course of business activities

Question 60

computer crime

Answer 60

use of high technology to carry out illegal activity

Question 61

what are the components of macrolevel social structure

Answer 61

statuses roles social groups social institutions

Question 62

crime

Answer 62

violation of criminal law, for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties

Question 63

stigma

Answer 63

labels society uses devalue members of certain social groups

Question 64

dyad

Answer 64

group composed of two members

Question 65

ingroup

Answer 65

group to which a person belongs and feels a sense of identity

Question 66

outgroup

Answer 66

group to which a person doesn't belong and feels a sense of hostility towards

Question 67

reference group

Answer 67

acting like members of a group we want to be in rather than the group we are apart of

Question 68

differential association

Answer 68

process through which increases when motivated offenders and suitable targets converge

Question 69

how does the conflict perspective view crime and deviance

Answer 69

law is a tool of the ruling class

Question 70

triad

Answer 70

group composed of three members